【ビットコイン11周年企画】"サトシ ナカモト"への原点回帰-第2回
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Bitcoinの生みの親であるSatoshi Nakamotoの背景にある思想には、1980年代より2000年代初頭まで続いたCypherpunk運動との連続性があることがあきらか ...
January 03, 2020 at 12:22PM
Friday, January 3, 2020
【ビットコイン11周年企画】“サトシ ナカモト”への原点回帰-第2回
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Bitcoinの生みの親であるSatoshi Nakamotoの背景にある思想には、1980年代より2000年代初頭まで続いたCypherpunk運動との連続性があることがあきらか ...
January 03, 2020 at 12:22PM
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Tycho Q. Mrsich
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Tycho Q. Mrsich
Rvan29:
'''Tycho Q. Mrsich''' is a German scholar of Ancient Egyptian Law.
Born in 1925,<ref>See the entry in the online German National Library catalog at https://ift.tt/39zd5JH> Mrsich received his Dr. phil. degree in Egyptology from the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 1966 with a dissertation on the Egyptian legal term ''imyt-pr''(translated as 'Hausurkunde' in German or often "Testament" in English).<ref>On his degree and date, see the catalog of the Bavarian State Library at: https://ift.tt/2QFNgip>
From the late 1960s, he was post-doctoral assistant, academic advisor, and then Academic Director at the [[Leopold Wenger Institute for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] where he also taught (and continues to teach in retirement) courses on Demotic and Ancient Egyptian legal source as well as Egyptian.<ref>See description at the Institute's website at https://ift.tt/37tSeW9. On his long association with the Leopold Wenger Institute, see Gerhard Thür, "Diederich Behrend (1935-1994)," ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)'' 113, 1996, 721–728 at p. 722.</ref>
Mrsich wrote several important works on Ancient Egyptian law. His '' Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitrag zum altägyptischen Stiftungsrecht'' (a revision of his doctoral dissertation) examined the ancient Egyptian legal term imyt-pr.<ref> On his revised dissertation, see G. P. F. Van Den Boorn, ''Duties of the Vizier: Civil Administration in the New Kingdom'' (London and New York: Routledge, 1988,) p. 180 where he cites Tycho Mrsich, ''Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitr. zum altägypt. Stiftungsrecht'' Münchner ägyptologische Studien vol. 13 (Berlin: Hessling, 1968), pp. 4-7.</ref> He followed this with his article "Gehört die Hausurkunde (ı͗myt-pr) in den Pyramidentexten zum sakaralen Recht?" in ''Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur'' 2 (1975), pp. 189-212. A series of articles delved deeper into technical issues of ancient Egyptian law (in both hieroglyphic and demotic sources). Ironically, when he began to write a book review on Heinz Felber's ''Demotische Demotische Ackerpachtverträge der Ptolemäerzeit: Untersuchungen zu Aufbau, Entwicklung und inhaltlichen Aspekten einer Gruppe von demotischen Urkunden'' (Wiesbaden; Harrassowitz, 1997), it grew so long that he published it in 2003 as a book entitled ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular.''<ref>See Csaba A. Láda, Review of Mrsich, ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte/Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003), in ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung) '' 121 (2004), pp. 53ff. See also, Cary J. Martin's review of this book in ''Bibliotheca Orientalis'' LXII No 5-6 (2005), pp. 489-495.</ref> Recently, Mrsich has delved into large-scale analysis of the ancient legal system of Egypt in his ''Fragen zum altägyptischen Recht der "Isolationsperiode" vor dem Neuen Reich: ein Forschungsbericht aus dem Arbeitskreis "Historiogenese von Rechtsnormen"'' (Munich: Utz, 2005) and his ''Zum rechtssystematischen Anfang in Ägypten: eine Methodenkunde, vol. I'' (Munich: Utz, 2018).
His attention to detail in both reading ancient texts and modern scholarly arguments has been praised by others scholars.<ref>See Henry George Fischer, The Orientation of Hieroglyphics, Part 1, Reversals (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977), pp. 106-107 and C. Láda, Review of Mrsich, ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003), in ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung)'' 121 (2004), pp. 539-544.</ref>.
==Selected Publications==
* '' Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitrag zum altägyptischen Stiftungsrecht'' Münchner ägyptologische Studien vol. 13 (Berlin: Hessling, 1968)
* "Ein Beitrag zum "hieroglyphischen Denken,"Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 6 (1978), pp. 107-129
* "Eine Zwischenbilanz zum "zivilprozessualen" Abschnitt des demotischen Rechtsbuches "S" (P.Berl. 13621 Rc.Col.II)," in D. Noerr and D. Simon, eds., '' Gedächtnisschrift für Wolfgang Kunkel'' (Frankfurt: V. Klostermann, 1984), pp. 205-282
* ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003)
* ''Fragen zum altägyptischen Recht der "Isolationsperiode" vor dem Neuen Reich: ein Forschungsbericht aus dem Arbeitskreis "Historiogenese von Rechtsnormen"'' (Munich: Utz, 2005)
* "Methodisches zur altägyptischen Rechtsgeschichte," 'Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)' 130 (2013), pp. 507-526
* "Methodisches zur altägyptischen Rechtsgeschichte. Zweiter Teil," ' Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)' 131 (2014), pp. 349-369
* ''Zum rechtssystematischen Anfang in Ägypten: eine Methodenkunde, vol. I'' (Munich: Utz, 2018)
==References==
Born in 1925,<ref>See the entry in the online German National Library catalog at https://ift.tt/39zd5JH> Mrsich received his Dr. phil. degree in Egyptology from the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 1966 with a dissertation on the Egyptian legal term ''imyt-pr''(translated as 'Hausurkunde' in German or often "Testament" in English).<ref>On his degree and date, see the catalog of the Bavarian State Library at: https://ift.tt/2QFNgip>
From the late 1960s, he was post-doctoral assistant, academic advisor, and then Academic Director at the [[Leopold Wenger Institute for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] where he also taught (and continues to teach in retirement) courses on Demotic and Ancient Egyptian legal source as well as Egyptian.<ref>See description at the Institute's website at https://ift.tt/37tSeW9. On his long association with the Leopold Wenger Institute, see Gerhard Thür, "Diederich Behrend (1935-1994)," ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)'' 113, 1996, 721–728 at p. 722.</ref>
Mrsich wrote several important works on Ancient Egyptian law. His '' Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitrag zum altägyptischen Stiftungsrecht'' (a revision of his doctoral dissertation) examined the ancient Egyptian legal term imyt-pr.<ref> On his revised dissertation, see G. P. F. Van Den Boorn, ''Duties of the Vizier: Civil Administration in the New Kingdom'' (London and New York: Routledge, 1988,) p. 180 where he cites Tycho Mrsich, ''Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitr. zum altägypt. Stiftungsrecht'' Münchner ägyptologische Studien vol. 13 (Berlin: Hessling, 1968), pp. 4-7.</ref> He followed this with his article "Gehört die Hausurkunde (ı͗myt-pr) in den Pyramidentexten zum sakaralen Recht?" in ''Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur'' 2 (1975), pp. 189-212. A series of articles delved deeper into technical issues of ancient Egyptian law (in both hieroglyphic and demotic sources). Ironically, when he began to write a book review on Heinz Felber's ''Demotische Demotische Ackerpachtverträge der Ptolemäerzeit: Untersuchungen zu Aufbau, Entwicklung und inhaltlichen Aspekten einer Gruppe von demotischen Urkunden'' (Wiesbaden; Harrassowitz, 1997), it grew so long that he published it in 2003 as a book entitled ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular.''<ref>See Csaba A. Láda, Review of Mrsich, ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte/Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003), in ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung) '' 121 (2004), pp. 53ff. See also, Cary J. Martin's review of this book in ''Bibliotheca Orientalis'' LXII No 5-6 (2005), pp. 489-495.</ref> Recently, Mrsich has delved into large-scale analysis of the ancient legal system of Egypt in his ''Fragen zum altägyptischen Recht der "Isolationsperiode" vor dem Neuen Reich: ein Forschungsbericht aus dem Arbeitskreis "Historiogenese von Rechtsnormen"'' (Munich: Utz, 2005) and his ''Zum rechtssystematischen Anfang in Ägypten: eine Methodenkunde, vol. I'' (Munich: Utz, 2018).
His attention to detail in both reading ancient texts and modern scholarly arguments has been praised by others scholars.<ref>See Henry George Fischer, The Orientation of Hieroglyphics, Part 1, Reversals (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977), pp. 106-107 and C. Láda, Review of Mrsich, ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003), in ''Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte (Romanistische Abteilung)'' 121 (2004), pp. 539-544.</ref>.
==Selected Publications==
* '' Untersuchungen zur Hausurkunde des alten Reiches: Ein Beitrag zum altägyptischen Stiftungsrecht'' Münchner ägyptologische Studien vol. 13 (Berlin: Hessling, 1968)
* "Ein Beitrag zum "hieroglyphischen Denken,"Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 6 (1978), pp. 107-129
* "Eine Zwischenbilanz zum "zivilprozessualen" Abschnitt des demotischen Rechtsbuches "S" (P.Berl. 13621 Rc.Col.II)," in D. Noerr and D. Simon, eds., '' Gedächtnisschrift für Wolfgang Kunkel'' (Frankfurt: V. Klostermann, 1984), pp. 205-282
* ''Rechtsgeschichtliches zur Ackerverpachtung auf Tempelland nach demotischem Formular'' Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; Vol. 703; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Antike Rechtsgeschichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; vol. 10 (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science, 2003)
* ''Fragen zum altägyptischen Recht der "Isolationsperiode" vor dem Neuen Reich: ein Forschungsbericht aus dem Arbeitskreis "Historiogenese von Rechtsnormen"'' (Munich: Utz, 2005)
* "Methodisches zur altägyptischen Rechtsgeschichte," 'Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)' 130 (2013), pp. 507-526
* "Methodisches zur altägyptischen Rechtsgeschichte. Zweiter Teil," ' Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Rom. Abt.)' 131 (2014), pp. 349-369
* ''Zum rechtssystematischen Anfang in Ägypten: eine Methodenkunde, vol. I'' (Munich: Utz, 2018)
==References==
January 03, 2020 at 09:00AM
Downing Street Christmas Tree
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Downing Street Christmas Tree
Gold Wiz113: Added page.
[[File:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (1).jpg|thumb|right|410px|The Downing Street Christmas tree and door wreath]]
The '''Downing Street Christmas Tree''' is the [[christmas tree]] placed on [[Downing Street]], outside [[10 Downing Street]] which is the official office and residence of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]. The tree arrives in Downing Street around the end of November<ref>https://ift.tt/2QDCJo1> with the lighting ceremony taking place at the beginning of December which is broadcast live by [[News broadcasting|news broadcasters]] such as [[BBC News]]<ref>https://ift.tt/2Fi1n8u>.
==History==
The tradition began in 1982<ref>https://ift.tt/2sIHm87> when [[Margaret Thatcher]] was in office. Members of the [[British Christmas Tree Growers Association]] take part in an annual competition for 'growth of the year' and 'champion festive wreath' with the winners being selected to provide their tree and [[wreath]] to be displayed outside No.10 Downing Street. All members of the association are invited to take part with competition entries for best tree and best wreath being judged by fellow growers around two months before [[Christmas day]]. The trees are first judged in various categories and then an over all winning tree is selected which must have a competition height of 18ft 6" (1.8 metres)<ref>https://ift.tt/2SNQRxq>.
The lighting ceremony is held by the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], and other members of the [[Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister's family]] who usually say a few words before the lighting. The event is attended by various guests such as staff members, charity volunteers and members of the [[British Armed Forces]] and their families. The role of switching on the lights is usually done by the Prime Minister or their partner with some help. In 2012, [[David Cameron]] invited finalists from the [[The X Factor]] television show to help light the tree<ref>https://ift.tt/2MP0Bny>. In 2008, [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]] switched on the lights when her huband, [[Gordon Brown]] was prime minister with the help of [[Cub Scouts (The Scout Association)|cub scouts]] and [[Beaver Scouts (The Scout Association)|Beaver Scouts]]<ref>https://ift.tt/39xZ4fh>. Later [[Christmas carols]] follow on once the tree has been lit<ref>https://ift.tt/2ZL1zGB>.
==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="225px" heights="200px">
Image:PM turns on Downing Street Christmas lights (38005652285).jpg|[[Theresa May]] switches on the Christmas tree lights at the lighting ceremony, 2019.
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (3).jpg|[[Larry (cat)|Larry]], [[Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office]] walking past the Christmas tree
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (4).jpg|Christmas tree and wreath provided by winners from [[Dartmoor]] in [[Devon]], 2019<ref>https://ift.tt/2ZMzSxh>.
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (2).jpg|Christmas wreath from [[Dartmoor]], 2019.
Image:10 Downing Street SW1 (4223005956).jpg|Christmas tree in 2009 from Hastings, East Sussex. [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]] held the lighting ceremony.
Image:London December 9 2013 096 Downing Street (11295767544).jpg|2013 winning tree from [[Christmas Common]] in [[Oxfordshire]]
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Trafalgar Square Christmas tree]]
* [[Prime Minister's New Year Message (United Kingdom)|Prime Minister's New Year Message]]
==References==
==External Links==
* [https://ift.tt/2ZAQ0Sk Downing Street Official website]
* [http://www.bctga.co.uk The British Christmas Tree Growers Association homepage]
[[Category:Christmas in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Prime Minister's Office| ]]
[[Category:Downing Street| ]]
[[Category:Annual events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual Christmas trees]]
[[Category:Individual trees in England]]
The '''Downing Street Christmas Tree''' is the [[christmas tree]] placed on [[Downing Street]], outside [[10 Downing Street]] which is the official office and residence of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]. The tree arrives in Downing Street around the end of November<ref>https://ift.tt/2QDCJo1> with the lighting ceremony taking place at the beginning of December which is broadcast live by [[News broadcasting|news broadcasters]] such as [[BBC News]]<ref>https://ift.tt/2Fi1n8u>.
==History==
The tradition began in 1982<ref>https://ift.tt/2sIHm87> when [[Margaret Thatcher]] was in office. Members of the [[British Christmas Tree Growers Association]] take part in an annual competition for 'growth of the year' and 'champion festive wreath' with the winners being selected to provide their tree and [[wreath]] to be displayed outside No.10 Downing Street. All members of the association are invited to take part with competition entries for best tree and best wreath being judged by fellow growers around two months before [[Christmas day]]. The trees are first judged in various categories and then an over all winning tree is selected which must have a competition height of 18ft 6" (1.8 metres)<ref>https://ift.tt/2SNQRxq>.
The lighting ceremony is held by the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], and other members of the [[Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister's family]] who usually say a few words before the lighting. The event is attended by various guests such as staff members, charity volunteers and members of the [[British Armed Forces]] and their families. The role of switching on the lights is usually done by the Prime Minister or their partner with some help. In 2012, [[David Cameron]] invited finalists from the [[The X Factor]] television show to help light the tree<ref>https://ift.tt/2MP0Bny>. In 2008, [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]] switched on the lights when her huband, [[Gordon Brown]] was prime minister with the help of [[Cub Scouts (The Scout Association)|cub scouts]] and [[Beaver Scouts (The Scout Association)|Beaver Scouts]]<ref>https://ift.tt/39xZ4fh>. Later [[Christmas carols]] follow on once the tree has been lit<ref>https://ift.tt/2ZL1zGB>.
==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="225px" heights="200px">
Image:PM turns on Downing Street Christmas lights (38005652285).jpg|[[Theresa May]] switches on the Christmas tree lights at the lighting ceremony, 2019.
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (3).jpg|[[Larry (cat)|Larry]], [[Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office]] walking past the Christmas tree
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (4).jpg|Christmas tree and wreath provided by winners from [[Dartmoor]] in [[Devon]], 2019<ref>https://ift.tt/2ZMzSxh>.
Image:Christmas 2019 Downing Street Decoration (2).jpg|Christmas wreath from [[Dartmoor]], 2019.
Image:10 Downing Street SW1 (4223005956).jpg|Christmas tree in 2009 from Hastings, East Sussex. [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]] held the lighting ceremony.
Image:London December 9 2013 096 Downing Street (11295767544).jpg|2013 winning tree from [[Christmas Common]] in [[Oxfordshire]]
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Trafalgar Square Christmas tree]]
* [[Prime Minister's New Year Message (United Kingdom)|Prime Minister's New Year Message]]
==References==
==External Links==
* [https://ift.tt/2ZAQ0Sk Downing Street Official website]
* [http://www.bctga.co.uk The British Christmas Tree Growers Association homepage]
[[Category:Christmas in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British Prime Minister's Office| ]]
[[Category:Downing Street| ]]
[[Category:Annual events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual Christmas trees]]
[[Category:Individual trees in England]]
January 03, 2020 at 08:58AM
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