Saturday, May 2, 2020

J. Torkel Wallmark

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J. Torkel Wallmark

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John Torkel Wallmark, born June 4 [[1919]] in [[Stockholm]], died [[2007]], was a Swedish [[electrical engineer]] and researcher in [semiconductors|semiconductor electronics]] and [[innovation]] technology.

Torkel Wallmark graduated from the [Royal Institute of Technology] in 1944, became [[technology licentiate]] in 1947 and [[technology doctor]] in 1953. He was then a researcher at [[Radio Corporation of America]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[USA]] 1953-1964. <ref name = "WEATHER"> </ref> <ref name = "CTH"> [https://ift.tt/2YoIlIh Chalmers: Torkel Wallmark], read 10 August 2009 </ref>

In 1964, he returned to Sweden as a [[professor]] in solid state [[electronics]] at [[Chalmers University of Technology]]. (The professorship was initially named electron physics III. <Ref name = "WEATHER" />) In 1983 he transferred to a personal professorship in innovation technology at Chalmers, which was the first in this subject area in Sweden. <Ref name = "CTH" /> Wallmark's business in innovation technology has contributed to the establishment of [[seed companies]] based on research at Swedish technical colleges, especially Chalmers. <ref name = "NE"> [[Nationalencyclopedin]] band 19 (1996), the reference word '' Torkel Wallmark '' </ref>

Torkel Wallmark was elected as a member of the [[Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1970 and became a member of the [[Academy of Sciences]] in 1984. He was awarded the 1982 [[Polhems Prize]] for research in the field of solid state electronics, 1989 [[KTH's grand prize]] for building an innovation center at Chalmers, <ref> </ref> and 1989 [[The Academy of Engineering Sciences]] major gold medal with the motivation "" "for his internationally outstanding efforts in semiconductor technology and his incentive for industrial new enterprise" ''. <ref> </ref>

May 03, 2020 at 09:10AM

Mitchell Bard: World Health Organization lies about Israel on coronavirus and other health issues

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Mitchell Bard: World Health Organization lies about Israel on coronavirus and other health issues President Trump renewed his criticism of the World Health Organization this week for the way the United Nations organization failed to challenge false information China initially provided minimizing the coronavirus outbreak in that country. He should also call out the WHO for its disgraceful role in spreading absurd lies and hatred about U.S. ally Israel for years.
May 03, 2020 at 08:51AM

Amash, taking historic step to White House bid, becomes first Libertarian in Congress: 'I'm in the race to win it'

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Amash, taking historic step to White House bid, becomes first Libertarian in Congress: 'I'm in the race to win it' Rep. Justin Amash from Michigan made history by becoming the first Libertarian Party member in Congress after he officially changed his party affiliation Friday to launch his 2020 presidential bid against President Trump and Joe Biden. 
May 03, 2020 at 08:33AM

Kim Jong Un may have had heart surgery, based on fresh mark on wrist, experts say

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Kim Jong Un may have had heart surgery, based on fresh mark on wrist, experts say A new mark on North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un's wrist could suggest that he has had heart surgery, according to medical experts.
May 03, 2020 at 07:56AM

List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis

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List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis

Cbl62: Start new article


This is a list of current and former [[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]] churches in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis]]. The archdiocese covers the city of [[Indianapolis]] and the southern half of [[Indiana]]. The cathedral church of the archdiocese is [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]] in Indianapolis.

==Indianapolis==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%"
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="25%" |'''Name'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="10%" |'''Image'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="30%" |'''Location'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="35%" |'''Description/Notes'''
|-
|Holy Rosary
|[[File:Holy Rosary Catholic Church (Indianapolis, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|520 Stevens St, [[Indianapolis]]
|Parish formed 1909 to serve Italian community; current church dedicated 1925<ref></ref>
|-
|Holy Trinity
|[[File:Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Haughville.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Haughville, Indianapolis]]
|
|-
|Our Lady of Lourdes
|[[File:Our Lady of Lourdes (1941) - panoramio - WSaves PublicArt.jpg|100x100px]]
|5333 E Washington St, Indianapolis
|Current church completed 1942<ref></ref>
|-
|Sacred Heart of Jesus
|
|1530 Union St, Indianapolis
|<ref></ref>
|-
|St. Joan of Arc
|
|4217 Central Ave, Indianapolis
|Founded 1921; Roman basilica style church completed 1929<ref</ref>
|-
|[[St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (Indianapolis, Indiana)|St. John the Evangelist]]
|[[File:Saint John the Evangelist Church (Indianapolis, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|126 W Georgia St, Indianapolis
|Listed on NRHP<ref></ref><ref></ref>
|-
|St. Luke
|
|7575 Holliday Dr E, Indianapolis
|Parish established 1961<ref></ref>
|-
|[[St. Mary's Catholic Church (Indianapolis, Indiana)|St. Mary]]
|[[File:Iglesia católica de Santa María, Indianápolis, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-22, DD 01.jpg|100x100px]]
|311 N New Jersey St, Indianapolis
|<ref></ref>
|-
|St. Michael the Archangel
|[[File:Church of Saint Michael the Archangel (Indianapolis, Indiana) - exterior, front.jpg|100x100px]]
|3354 W 30th St,Indianapolis
|Current church built 1953-1954<ref></ref>
|-
|St. Monica
|
|6131 Michigan Rd, Indianapolis
|<ref></ref>
|-
|St. Patrick
|
|950 Prospect St, Indianapolis
|
|-
|[[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
|[[File:Saints Peter & Paul Cathedral Indianapolis.jpg|100x100px]]
|1347 N Meridian St, Indianapolis
|Classical Revival church built 1906-1907<ref></ref>
|-
|St. Philip Neri
|[[File:St. Philip Neri Church in Indianapolis, church front.jpg|100x100px]]
|550 N Rural St, Indianapolis
|Church built 1909<ref></ref>
|}

==Richmond==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%"
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="25%" |'''Name'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="10%" |'''Image'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="30%" |'''Location'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="35%" |'''Description/Notes'''
|-
|Holy Family
|[[File:Holy Family Church (Richmond, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|815 W Main St, [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]]
|
|-
|St. Mary
|[[File:Church of Saint Mary (Richmond, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|Richmond
|
|-
|St. Andrew
|[[File:Saint Andrew Church (Richmond, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|35 S 5th St, Richmond
|
|}

==Terre Haute==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%"
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="25%" |'''Name'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="10%" |'''Image'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="30%" |'''Location'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="35%" |'''Description/Notes'''
|-
|St. Benedict
|[[File:St. Benedict Parish (Terre Haute, Indiana), exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]]
|
|-
|St. Joseph University Parish
|[[File:St. Joseph University Parish - exterior facade.jpg|100x100px]]
|Terre Haute
|
|-
|St. Patrick
|[[File:Saint Patrick Catholic Parish (Terre Haute, Indiana), exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|Terre Haute
|
|}

==Other areas==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%"
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="25%" |'''Name'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="10%" |'''Image'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="30%" |'''Location'''
! style="background:darkviolet; color:yellow;" width="35%" |'''Description/Notes'''
|-
|St. Vincent de Paul
|[[File:St. Vincent de Paul in Bedford, front and southern side vertical.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bedford, Indiana|Bedford]]
|
|-
|St. Charles Borromeo
|[[File:St. Charles Borromeo Catholic Church, Bloomington.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|
|-
|St. Elizabeth of Hungary
|[[File:Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church (Cambridge City, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Cambridge City, Indiana|Cambridge City]]
|
|-
|St. Michael
|[[File:St. Michael's Church in Cannelton.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Cannelton, Indiana|Cannelton]]
|
|-
|St. Bartholomew
|[[File:St. Bartholomew's Catholic Church, Columbus, Indiana (73837).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]
|
|-
|St. Mary
|[[File:St. Mary's Church in Indiana.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd County]]
|
|-
|St. Boniface
|[[File:St. Boniface's Catholic Church at Fulda, front.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Fulda, Indiana|Fulda]]
|
|-
|St. Francis and Clare of Assisi
|[[File:Johnson County - St Francis Claire Catholic Church - P1100011.JPG|100x100px]]
|[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson County]]
|
|-
|St. Rose of Lima
|[[File:Saint Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church (Knightstown, Indiana) - exterior 2.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Knightstown, Indiana|Knightstown]]
|
|-
|St. Lawrence
|[[File:St. Lawrence Catholic Church, Lawrenceburg, IN (48370050582).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]]
|
|-
|St. Bridget
|[[File:St. Bridget Catholic Church, Liberty, Indiana2.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Liberty, Indiana|Liberty]]
|
|-
|St. Mary
|[[File:CHURCH, SOUTH FRONT FROM SOUTHWEST - St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church and School, 413 East Second Street, Madison, Jefferson County, IN HABS IND,39-MAD,39-1.tif|100x100px]]
|[[Madison, Indiana|Madison]]
|
|-
|St. Mary
|[[File:St Mary's of Navelliton.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Navilleton, Indiana|Navilleton]]
|
|-
|Holy Family
|[[File:Holy Family Catholic Church (Oldenburg, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Oldenburg, Indiana|Oldenburg]]
|
|-
|Immaculate Conception Convent Church
|[[File:Immaculate Conception Convent Church (Oldenburg, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|Oldenburg
|
|-
|Holy Cross
|[[File:Holy Cross Catholic Church in St. Croix.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[St. Croix, Indiana|St. Croix]]
|
|-
|St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception
|[[File:Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church (Rushville, Indiana) - exterior.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rushville, Indiana|Rushville]]
|
|-
|[[Blessed Sacrament Chapel (Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana)|Blessed Sacrament Chapel]]
|
|[[Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana|Saint-Mary-of-the-Woods]]
|
|-
|[[Church of the Immaculate Conception (Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana)|Immaculate Conception]]
|[[File:Church of the Immaculate Conception (Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana), exterior, front.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana|Saint-Mary-of-the-Woods]]
|
|-
|[[St. Meinrad Archabbey]]
|
|[[Spencer County, Indiana|Spencer County]]
|
|-
|St. Pius X
|[[File:Troy St Pius X complex.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Troy, Indiana|Troy]]
|
|}

==References==




[[Category:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis| ]]
[[Category:Lists of churches in the United States by diocese|Indianapolis]]

May 03, 2020 at 08:08AM

Asia's 'murder hornet' lands in US for first time

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Asia's 'murder hornet' lands in US for first time Deadly hornets from Asia that measure up to 2 inches long have been found for the first time in the U.S., with researchers worried that the insects are colonizing, according to reports.
May 03, 2020 at 06:09AM

George W. Bush issues call to unite during pandemic: 'We are human beings,' not 'partisan combatants'

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George W. Bush issues call to unite during pandemic: 'We are human beings,' not 'partisan combatants' Former President George W. Bush called on all Americans to recognize their common humanity and help one another during the current coronavirus pandemic. 
May 03, 2020 at 06:03AM

Amid Backsliding on Press Freedoms, Phnom Penh Calls for 'Professional' Reporting

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Amid Backsliding on Press Freedoms, Phnom Penh Calls for 'Professional' Reporting

Press freedom in Cambodia, in decline since the 2017 crackdown on independent reporting, has taken a turn for the worse, with an increase in arrests and harassment of media outlets during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reporters Without Borders ranked Cambodia 144th out of 180 countries in its 2020 press freedom index, citing Prime Minister Hun Sen's enhanced "system for cracking down on dissent."

But top officials in Phnom Penh paint a different picture.

"Cambodia has taken a big step toward what we call a 'free press regime' in the context of an open and democratic nation, where we need journalists who have freedom," said Phay Siphan, Cambodia's top government spokesperson.

"But at the same time, journalists need to be responsible for what they speak and write," he warned in a recent interview with VOA's Khmer service.

"Whatever you want to report, do it," he said. "But it must be within a basis of truth, neither terrifying nor creating misunderstanding that leads to an uprising."

Asked about reporting on sensitive topics, such as state corruption and illegal logging, he said, "I observe that journalists, if they are professional, can report on that because there is no reason [not to do that]," he said, adding a caveat.

"At the same time, we urge [journalists] to respect the dignity of privacy, to avoid [violating] privacy," he said. "For example, if your reporting involves mentioning exact names and displaying exact portrait photographs of the person, such that they cannot defend their reputation," then that would violate Phnom Penh's official definition of "professional" journalism.

Why?

"Because journalists are not judges."

FILE - The Cambodian government's suppression of Radio Free Asia and Voice of America broadcasts was front page news in The Cambodia Daily on Aug. 29, 2017. The paper has since closed. (Hean Socheata / VOA Khmer)

International condemnation

Local journalists and media organizations say the government's assault on free and independent media is ongoing.

"Threats to press freedom, intimidation and harassment against journalists, including lawsuits, [criminal] charges and arrests, remain as reflected in the RSF report," said Nop Vy, the outgoing media director of Cambodian Center for Independent Media.

The center is one of the few remaining independent media organizations still operating in the country.

"The media have not been pluralistic, with mostly one-sided reporting," said Vy, who now leads a new Cambodian Journalists Alliance, established to promote and protect press freedom and journalists working in Cambodia.

Despite constitutional guarantees of press freedom, the media are tightly controlled by the ruling Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and its allies.

Tightening restrictions

As the CPP sought to consolidate its power ahead of the 2017 local and 2018 national elections, there was a rise in independent journalists and political and civic activists being charged, threatened or attacked.

Radio Free Asia (RFA), one of VOA's sister broadcast outlets funded by the U.S. Congress, closed its Phnom Penh bureau in September 2017, citing "unprecedented" government intimidation of the media. By the end of 2017, Cambodia's government had closed more than two dozen local radio stations, some of which had rebroadcast VOA and RFA programming.

The Cambodia Daily, an award-winning English-language newspaper that had helped train journalists and strengthen the country's fragile democracy for over 20 years, was also forced to close.

Two of its former reporters, one of whom is now a VOA contributor, were charged with incitement, and two former RFA reporters are on trial for espionage — charges the journalists and some media observers have said are an attempt to silence them.

More recently, authorities have detained journalists and revoked outlets' licenses.

"The latest crackdown on the media, especially the revocation of some media licenses, is part of the clampdown on the practicing of journalistic roles of the media that do not have any tendency to broadcast only the government's activities," said Vy.

Authorities on April 7 arrested Sovann Rithy, director of the news site TVFB, for quoting the prime minister in a Facebook post.

'More than absurd'

"Imprisoning a journalist for quoting a statement by the prime minister word for word is more than absurd," Daniel Bastard, head of the RSF's Asia-Pacific desk, said in a statement.

The Information Ministry also ordered the revocation of TVFB's media license following his arrest, saying the editor had "selected" the prime minister's quote.

On Monday, the ministry revoked the license of another news site, CKV TV Online, saying news reporting by the owner of the outlet was in "severe violation of journalism that affects public order."

CKV TV, which received two ministerial warnings prior to cancellation, had also been subject to similar complaints by citizens and local journalists.

FILE - Journalists Uon Chhin, left, and Yeang Sothearin arrive at the municipal court, in Phnom Penh, Oct. 3, 2019.

Yeang Sothearin, who was arrested along with former RFA colleague Uon Chhin, said their case was pending.

"Even though we can now live with our families, we have no freedom as anybody else does," Sothearin told VOA Khmer.

He has become more cautious since his arrest, especially when posting to social media, in case "those ideas could be deemed affecting the government or any governmental agencies."

"Sometimes, because of those concerns, I am refraining from expressing my opinions on social media," said Sothearin, who is now working on a short-term project with a local organization. "This is one form of my self-restriction."

Questioning 'professionalism'

Information Ministry spokesperson Ouk Kimseng denies that the government has restricted press freedom or harassed journalists.

"[RSF] has never seen anything positive in press freedom or freedom of expression the government has provided so far in Cambodia," he told VOA, adding that de-licensing measures were justified.

"Those [reporters] did not follow the [professional] journalistic roles and responsibilities," he said. He declined to comment on the earlier arrests of the RFA and Daily reporters, saying the cases were in the hands of the courts.

Echoing the government view that Cambodia has greater press freedom than at any other time, Pen Bona, top editor of PNN TV — owned by business tycoon and ruling CPP party Senator Ly Yong Phat — said authorities need a better grasp of journalistic roles and responsibilities.

"In some cases, authorities have taken too strong measures, like the arrests and lawsuits [against journalists]," said Bona, adding that both journalists and state officials should try harder to understand each other.

A veteran journalist and president of the independent Club of Cambodian Journalists, which is widely viewed as a government-aligned organization, Bona also said some journalists aren't actual professionals, but just "self-proclaimed journalists" who "practice the profession incorrectly."

"So, it's both ways," he said.

VOA contributor Chhengpor Aun reported from Phnom Penh. This story originated in VOA's Cambodian service.


May 03, 2020 at 06:02AM

Buffett's Firm Plans Online Event After Reporting $50B Loss

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Buffett's Firm Plans Online Event After Reporting $50B Loss

Warren Buffett planned to lead an unusual annual meeting Saturday afternoon without any of the roughly 40,000 shareholders who typically attend, but the investor did plan to offer some of the commentary that draws the huge crowds.

Berkshire Hathaway's annual meeting was to be livestreamed and include an abbreviated version of the question-and-answer session Buffett normally leads. All of the surrounding events, including a trade show where Berkshire companies sell their products, were canceled this year because of the coronavirus pandemic.

"It's going to be a strange annual meeting," said Andy Kilpatrick, a retired stockbroker who wrote a Buffett biography and has attended every annual meeting since 1985.

Instead of sitting next to business partner Charlie Munger in an arena filled with shareholders, Buffett was being joined this year by Berkshire Vice Chairman Greg Abel, who oversees all of the company's non-insurance businesses, to answer questions in front of a camera.

The two men likely were likely to be asked about the nearly $50 billion loss that Berkshire reported Saturday morning and the huge pile of cash the company is holding.

Berkshire said it lost $49.7 billion, or $30,653 per Class A share, during the first quarter. That's down from last year's profit of $21.66 billion, or $13,209 per Class A share.  

Investment values sink

The biggest factor in the loss was a $54.5 billion loss on the value of Berkshire's investment portfolio as the stock market declined sharply after the coronavirus outbreak began. The year before, Berkshire's investments added $15.5 billion to the company's profits.

Buffett has long said Berkshire's operating earnings offer a better view of quarterly performance because they exclude investments and derivatives, which can vary widely. By that measure, Berkshire's operating earnings improved to $5.87 billion, or $3,617.62 per Class A share, from $5.56 billion, or $3,387.56 per Class A share.

Analysts surveyed by FactSet expected operating earnings per Class A share of $3,796.90 on average.

Berkshire's revenue grew 1 percent to $61.27 billion. The company said revenue slowed considerably in April as the virus outbreak negatively affected most of its businesses. Berkshire closed several of its retail businesses, such as See's Candy and the Nebraska Furniture Mart, this spring while BNSF railroad and its insurance and utility businesses continued operating.  

Berkshire is sitting on a pile of more than $137 billion cash because Buffett has struggled to find major acquisitions for the company recently. Edward Jones analyst Jim Shanahan said it was striking that Buffett didn't find any bargains to invest in at the end of the first quarter.

"The lack of investment activity really sticks out," Shanahan said.

Berkshire Hathaway Inc. owns more than 90 companies, including the railroad and insurance, utility, furniture and jewelry businesses. The company also has major investments in such companies as Apple, American Express, Coca-Cola and Bank of America.


May 03, 2020 at 05:18AM

Skowhegan Area High School

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Skowhegan Area High School

Namiba: create


'''Skowhegan Area High School''' is a public high school in [[Skowhegan, Maine]].<ref></ref> It is part of [[Maine School Administrative District 54]] which includes the towns of Skowhegan, [[Canaan, Maine|Canaan]], [[Mercer, Maine|Mercer]], [[Smithfield, Maine|Smithfield]], [[Cornville, Maine|Cornville]], and [[Norridgewock, Maine|Norridgewock]].<ref></ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Bradlee Farrin]], state legislator

==Notable faculty==
* [[Marti Stevens (educator)]]
* [[Chandler Woodcock]], state legislator

==References==


[[Category:Skowhegan, Maine]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Maine]]
[[Category:Schools in Somerset County, Maine]]


May 03, 2020 at 02:10AM

MLS to allow individual workouts on team training fields

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MLS to allow individual workouts on team training fields Major League Soccer is allowing players to return to outdoor team training fields for individual workouts starting Wednesday. 
May 02, 2020 at 10:05PM

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (F)

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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (F)

Noswall59: ←Created page with 'The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'', abbreviated: KNAW) is a...'


The [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'', abbreviated: KNAW) is an [[organization]] dedicated to the advancement of [[science]] and [[literature]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The academy is housed in the [[Trippenhuis]] in [[Amsterdam]]. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

== List of members (F) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!Division
!Date of election
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|G.V.M. Fabbroni
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3dkmZA7 "G.V.M. Fabbroni"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|B. Faddegon
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VUNDJF "B. Faddegon"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.S. della Faille d'Assenède
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3c0bZrk "J.S. della Faille d'Assenède"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Anton Reinhard Falck
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/35tb28f "Anton Reinhard Falck"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P. Fallot
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aXijOE "P. Fallot"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|M. Faraday
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2y92Ca5 "M. Faraday"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R. (Robert) Feenstra
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2xvmkMQ "R. (Robert) Feenstra"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Rhijnvis Feith, (1753-1824)
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2z1vkd2 "Rhijnvis Feith, (1753-1824)"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Hendrikus Octavius Feith
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KOO5D0 "Hendrikus Octavius Feith"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Honor Bridget Fell
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3b0TJMR "Honor Bridget Fell"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R. Fennema
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VXgcGD "R. Fennema"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|G.P.J. Ferrand
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2StAEN5 "G.P.J. Ferrand"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|F.J. Fétis
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2WkfhyP "F.J. Fétis"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|S. Figee
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2yYQ9pw "S. Figee"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.E. Fischer
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fecpvV "H.E. Fischer"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|John Flaxman
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YrWeVW "John Flaxman"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.L. Fleischer
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KUNy2m "H.L. Fleischer"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A. Fleming
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VU3M2b "A. Fleming"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Jacob Florijn
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VVd51D "Jacob Florijn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P.C. Flu
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdYFSb "P.C. Flu"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H. Focillon
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3bYW1gP "H. Focillon"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.C. Focke
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/35qL31l "H.C. Focke"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|S.J. Fockema Andreae (1)
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2WkfiCT "S.J. Fockema Andreae (1)"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|S.J. Fockema Andreae (2)
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2WiyHnL "S.J. Fockema Andreae (2)"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.A. Fodor
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aRwqVL "J.A. Fodor"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Carel Anthony Fodor
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2xw7vts "Carel Anthony Fodor"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Johan Pieter Fokker
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aYsmDa "Johan Pieter Fokker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A.D. Fokker
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Stymxm "A.D. Fokker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P.F.L. Fontaine
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YpDs1r "P.F.L. Fontaine"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R.J. Forbes
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VUNBS3 "R.J. Forbes"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J. Forster
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SJ8U7t "J. Forster"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|L.W. Forster
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3dcWBYN "L.W. Forster"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A.F. de Fourcroy
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KONZv8 "A.F. de Fourcroy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.M. Fraenkel
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VUqPd6 "J.M. Fraenkel"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Antoine Paul Nicolas Franchimont
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Sp376E "Antoine Paul Nicolas Franchimont"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Joh. Franck
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Sp3dew "Joh. Franck"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|C.M. Francken
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fc1ByI "C.M. Francken"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P.J.C. François
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/35piYaB "P.J.C. François"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H. Frankfort
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Wkfli3 "H. Frankfort"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.J.A.A. Frantzen
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d97FWE "J.J.A.A. Frantzen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.G. Frazer
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VVMf9N "J.G. Frazer"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|M.R. Fréchet
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aYqvhP "M.R. Fréchet"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P. Fredericq
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fbzek3 "P. Fredericq"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.P.R. Frederikse
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d82yGb "H.P.R. Frederikse"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Nicolaas Cornelis de Frémery
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3bWDgLh "Nicolaas Cornelis de Frémery"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P.J.I. de Frémery
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Ys73aK "P.J.I. de Frémery"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|F. Frets
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3b0l81A "F. Frets"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Hans Freudenthal
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdYzdh "Hans Freudenthal"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H. Freundlich
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KRV8uD "H. Freundlich"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|G.W.F. Freytag
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2WkfnXd "G.W.F. Freytag"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A. Frey-Wyssling
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdVGcc "A. Frey-Wyssling"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R.H.Th. Friederich
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Ys73HM "R.H.Th. Friederich"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|K. von Frisch
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3c1wROM "K. von Frisch"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A. de Froe
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3bZspQz "A. de Froe"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.A. Fruin
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VWYFyo "J.A. Fruin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R.J. Fruin
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Wkfouf "R.J. Fruin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A.N. Frumkin
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2yjUdk4 "A.N. Frumkin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|M. Fuhrmann
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VVMhhV "M. Fuhrmann"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|M. Fürbringer
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KPm9Px "M. Fürbringer"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|}
== References ==

[[Category:Lists of members of learned societies]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]

May 02, 2020 at 08:36PM

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (E)

【Move to another page】
Quote
https://ift.tt/2WiinDA
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (E)

Noswall59: ←Created page with 'The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'', abbreviated: KNAW) is a...'


The [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'', abbreviated: KNAW) is an [[organization]] dedicated to the advancement of [[science]] and [[literature]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The academy is housed in the [[Trippenhuis]] in [[Amsterdam]]. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

== List of members (E) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!Division
!Date of election
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|Wiktor Eckhaus
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2ybxPJP "Wiktor Eckhaus"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A.S. Eddington
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KUPvvY "A.S. Eddington"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|C.H. Edelman
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YpLura "C.H. Edelman"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Dietz Otto Edzard
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2ymGl8B "Dietz Otto Edzard"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.J. Eeckhout
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VVHhdf "J.J. Eeckhout"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|L.D. Eerland
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YszTYq "L.D. Eerland"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J. Eggens
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SqMnMc "J. Eggens"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Paul Ehrenfest
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d9zqyA "Paul Ehrenfest"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|E.L. Eichhorn
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d6Oc9a "E.L. Eichhorn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.G. Eichhorn
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YrpNHp "J.G. Eichhorn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdYyWL "Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Olivier Christiaan Eickma
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VWUIJQ "Olivier Christiaan Eickma"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Christiaan Eijkman
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aY2Ii7 "Christiaan Eijkman"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|R. van den Eijnden
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SqZ0XI "R. van den Eijnden"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.J. van Eikema Hommes
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3faQmqb "H.J. van Eikema Hommes"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Albert Einstein
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Styflq "Albert Einstein"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Willem Einthoven
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fbBHem "Willem Einthoven"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|S. Eitrem
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/35t31jU "S. Eitrem"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Cornelis Ekama
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2xrVx41 "Cornelis Ekama"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|E.H. van Eldik
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3aVvKyW "E.H. van Eldik"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.E. Elias
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3dcLuif "J.E. Elias"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Pieter Elias
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KUbtPC "Pieter Elias"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Adriaan van den Ende
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VTdUYS "Adriaan van den Ende"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Pieter Maarten Endt
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YtiEGm "Pieter Maarten Endt"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J. Endzelin
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d5lGor "J. Endzelin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Theodoor Wilhelm Engelmann
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Ynzs1z "Theodoor Wilhelm Engelmann"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|H.G.A. Engler
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3d9lJj8 "H.G.A. Engler"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|D.Th. Enklaar
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KRHlV9 "D.Th. Enklaar"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Ch.J. Enschedé
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KSPYP8 "Ch.J. Enschedé"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Ecco Epkema, (1759-1832)
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2YxocQp "Ecco Epkema, (1759-1832)"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P. Erdös
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2StygWw "P. Erdös"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|François Zacharias Ermerins
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Styhty "François Zacharias Ermerins"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Jan Willem Ermerins
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2yiema4 "Jan Willem Ermerins"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|L. Ernster
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KPm3r9 "L. Ernster"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Florentinus Josephus van Ertborn
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3b34ONP "Florentinus Josephus van Ertborn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|L.J.C. van Es
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Styi0A "L.J.C. van Es"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.J. Eschenburg
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3dbaGpk "J.J. Eschenburg"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|C.C. van Essen
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3f6rCPT "C.C. van Essen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|S.J. Esser
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3bXseFv "S.J. Esser"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Willem Titus van Est
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2zS5EzZ "Willem Titus van Est"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|A.J. Evans
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3faBsQE "A.J. Evans"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|E. van Everdingen
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2xrfVSK "E. van Everdingen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|M. Ewing
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2z2lMyi "M. Ewing"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P.N. van Eyck
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdS5Lq "P.N. van Eyck"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|P. Eykhoff
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SqYPvw "P. Eykhoff"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|Jan Nicolaas van Eys
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2VWLfCd "Jan Nicolaas van Eys"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|W.J.M. van Eysinga
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Wkfh1N "W.J.M. van Eysinga"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
|J.A. Eytelwein
|
|
|
|
|<ref>[https://ift.tt/2KRHfwL "J.A. Eytelwein"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|}
== References ==

[[Category:Lists of members of learned societies]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]

May 02, 2020 at 08:35PM

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (D)

【Move to another page】
Quote
https://ift.tt/2Wjcc23
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (D)

Noswall59:


The [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen'', abbreviated: KNAW) is an [[organization]] dedicated to the advancement of [[science]] and [[literature]] in the [[Netherlands]]. The academy is housed in the [[Trippenhuis]] in [[Amsterdam]]. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

== List of members (D) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Type
!Division
!Date of election
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| K.T.A.M. von Dalberg || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3bYmvzc "K.T.A.M. von Dalberg"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Albert M. Dalcq || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2Yqu4La "Albert M. Dalcq"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| D.G.B. Dalhoff || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2yYTu83 "D.G.B. Dalhoff"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Reginald Aldworth Daly || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35mWhUq "Reginald Aldworth Daly"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Josephus van Dam || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VWLhdj "Josephus van Dam"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| K.W. Dammerman || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35qE8p2 "K.W. Dammerman"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Johann Heinrich von Dannecker || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3f8pxTD "Johann Heinrich von Dannecker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| David van Dantzig || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35mWjvw "David van Dantzig"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G. Darboux || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YpatuD "G. Darboux"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G.H. Darwin || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aVvK1U "G.H. Darwin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Charles Robert Darwin || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2zRb0LQ "Charles Robert Darwin"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Hans Daudt || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdYF4D "Hans Daudt"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.B. David || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aXcscm "J.B. David"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Martin David || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KUxI7S "Martin David"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Jacques-Louis David || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YrpNqT "Jacques-Louis David"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Henry Davy || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aTyeO5 "Henry Davy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debije || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2ynmIxl "Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debije"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Laurens L.M. van Deenen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KRUWLV "Laurens L.M. van Deenen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| F.J.H. van Deinse || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KOO55Y "F.J.H. van Deinse"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| C. Dekker || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2z0hNlS "C. Dekker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| P. Delaroche || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3b34UFb "P. Delaroche"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Leonard Albrecht Carl van Delen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aYsgeM "Leonard Albrecht Carl van Delen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G.H.M. Delprat || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YxLoh4 "G.H.M. Delprat"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Isaac Paul Delprat || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2Ys6Zb0 "Isaac Paul Delprat"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H.C. Delsman || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35mWl6C "H.C. Delsman"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A. Denjoy || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3dkmZ35 "A. Denjoy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Dominique Vivant Denon || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2xss0XP "Dominique Vivant Denon"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A. Despine || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35qgtF4 "A. Despine"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Arie Theodorus van Deursen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2SJ94M7 "Arie Theodorus van Deursen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Louis Dieudonné Joseph Dewez || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3dcLu1J "Louis Dieudonné Joseph Dewez"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Hendrik Cornelis Dibbits || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2yYWeSK "Hendrik Cornelis Dibbits"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G.H. Dieke || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3c907U1 "G.H. Dieke"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H. Diels || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aWnrTh "H. Diels"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.N. Diercksens || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2SqMtn2 "J.N. Diercksens"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| C.L. Diericx || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VTNXZm "C.L. Diericx"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G. van Diesen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2zRaUDY "G. van Diesen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| E.J.D. Diest Lorgion || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2z2lU0K "E.J.D. Diest Lorgion"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.E. (Emile) van Dievoet || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35mWnLM "J.E. (Emile) van Dievoet"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| C.M. van Dijk || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KYdxpz "C.M. van Dijk"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KRsCJF "Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Edsger Wybe Dijkstra || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2yXSxwB "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| S.C. Dik || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3fbzdwv "S.C. Dik"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J. Dirks || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35r46s8 "J. Dirks"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A.H. Djajadiningrat || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3d5XzWA "A.H. Djajadiningrat"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Boudewijn Dobbelaer de Wind || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VUNDt9 "Boudewijn Dobbelaer de Wind"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| W.H. van Dobben || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35qKXqv "W.H. van Dobben"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Willem Marius Docters van Leeuwen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KUPvfs "Willem Marius Docters van Leeuwen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| L.A.M.J. Dollo || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YxokPT "L.A.M.J. Dollo"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Franciscus Cornelis Donders || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3faBmbK "Franciscus Cornelis Donders"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| M.A. Donk || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2Sv2CrE "M.A. Donk"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| F.G. Donnan || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3d6ObSE "F.G. Donnan"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A.M. Donner || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VTxBQl "A.M. Donner"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J. Donner || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2ynsgrs "J. Donner"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Jacques A.A. van Doorn || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2yazmji "Jacques A.A. van Doorn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H. Dooyeweerd || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3bSzRgi "H. Dooyeweerd"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A. Dopsch || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VU3JDx "A. Dopsch"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Ger. Dorn Seiffen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2WnsMha "Ger. Dorn Seiffen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| W.A. van Dorp || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35qged8 "W.A. van Dorp"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| D.A. van Dorp || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KQkZD9 "D.A. van Dorp"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H.W. Dove || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YxolTX "H.W. Dove"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Sir Kenneth James Dover || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KOMuNE "Sir Kenneth James Dover"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| R.P.A. Dozy || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2Suc1zU "R.P.A. Dozy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| F. Dozy || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3da3iuE "F. Dozy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A.M.E. (Maartje) Draak || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VXcvAs "A.M.E. (Maartje) Draak"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| S. Dresden || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35mr83F "S. Dresden"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| G.W.J. Drewes || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2YxomY1 "G.W.J. Drewes"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Egbert van Drielst || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2StOejp "Egbert van Drielst"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Petrus Driessen || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2WgADx2 "Petrus Driessen"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Huib Drion || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2z4DUYg "Huib Drion"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| C.W. Drooger || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2SsBqdf "C.W. Drooger"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H.J. Drossaart Lulofs || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2L5bq3H "H.J. Drossaart Lulofs"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H.L. Drucker || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/35t313o "H.L. Drucker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| C.W. (Kees) Dubbink || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2WnJQ6G "C.W. (Kees) Dubbink"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| M.E.F.Th. Dubois || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2VVHcpX "M.E.F.Th. Dubois"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| A.J.P.C. Duc de la Chapelle || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3feSmxq "A.J.P.C. Duc de la Chapelle"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.F. Ducq || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2WhPlEa "J.F. Ducq"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| H.C.J. Duijker || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2WiVj7x "H.C.J. Duijker"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| P. van Duijn || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3dkmZjB "P. van Duijn"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.J. Duistermaat || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3d0rcZs "J.J. Duistermaat"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Sir Stewart Duke-Elder || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdVFFa "Sir Stewart Duke-Elder"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.B.A. Dumas || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2zICEKL "J.B.A. Dumas"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.J. Dumont || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3c8UgxC "J.J. Dumont"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| F.A.C. Dumontier || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3aYsgvi "F.A.C. Dumontier"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Daniël Dupré || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2KONZeC "Daniël Dupré"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| D. Durrer || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2SsPtQ9 "D. Durrer"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.V. Duruy || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3da3k5K "J.V. Duruy"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.J.L. Duyvendak || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/2Suc7HM "J.J.L. Duyvendak"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| J.Ph. Duyvendak || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3feByGO "J.Ph. Duyvendak"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|-
| Ph. Dwinger || || || || || <ref>[https://ift.tt/3fdc0dm "Ph. Dwinger"], ''KNAW Historisch Ledenbestand'' (Digitaal Wetenschapshistorisch Centrum). Retrieved 3 May 2020.</ref>
|}
== References ==

[[Category:Lists of members of learned societies]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]

May 02, 2020 at 08:28PM

Red zone in bangalore

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Red zone in bangalore
May 02, 2020 at 06:00AM

White House Blocks Fauci’s Congressional Testimony

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White House Blocks Fauci's Congressional Testimony

The White House is blocking Anthony Fauci, the top U.S. infectious disease expert, from testifying Wednesday before a House of Representatives committee that is investigating how the Trump administration has handled the COVID-19 pandemic. Fauci's testimony would be "counter-productive," Judd Deere, a White House spokesman said in a statement.

"While the Trump administration continues its whole-of-government response to COVID-19, including safely opening up America again, and expediting vaccine development," Deere said, "it is counter-productive to have the very individuals involved in those efforts appearing at congressional hearings."

Fauci and U.S. President Donald Trump have not always agreed on how best to fight the spread of the virus.  Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has criticized the country's testing capacity for the virus, calling it "a failing."   Last month, Trump retweeted a #FireFauci posting from another account, but the White House insists that the president is not looking to fire highly popular scientist.

More than half of the 50 U.S. governors have taken steps to partially relax lockdown restrictions, while hoping a spike in infections won't trigger another round of business closures.

Other U.S. governors, many of whom are Democrats, are taking a more guarded approach, trying to balance the need to reopen their state economies with concerns about the coronavirus.

Laborers work at an emergency hospital under construction, an extension of one of the hospitals that's handling COVID-19 coronavirus patients in Jakarta, Indonesia, on May 2, 2020.

As some U.S. governors push to relax restrictions after Thursday's expiration of White House distancing guidelines, Fauci, warned them to avoid lifting state limits prematurely.

"Obviously you could get away with that, but you're taking a really significant risk," Fauci said on CNN.

Another warning came in a report by the University of Minnesota, which said the pandemic could last two more years. The report, released Thursday by the university's Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, warned that the U.S. should prepare for a decline in infections followed by a spike as early as this fall.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has granted an emergency use authorization for the antiviral drug remdesivir, clearing the way for more hospitals to use the drug. Recent clinical data show the drug might be a promising treatment for the coronavirus.

More than 3.3 million people around the world have been infected with COVID-19 and nearly 284,000 infected with the virus have died.

In the U.S., there are more than 1.1 million COVID cases and more than 65,000 deaths.

U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told BBC that it is a tragedy that the world's leaders have not been able "to come together to face COVID-19 in an articulated coordinated way."

The U.N. estimates that 8 percent of the world's population, about 500 million people, could be forced into poverty by year's end because of the devastation brought by the virus.

As countries consider how and when to reopen, India, the world's second-most populous country, said Friday it would extend its nationwide lockdown for two more weeks after Monday. But the country's ministry of home affairs said "considerable relaxations" would be allowed in lower-risk areas, including the manufacturing and distribution of essential goods between states.

Spain emerges from lockdown during the global outbreak of the coronavirus disease.

Many European countries have begun gradually reopening or have plans to do so in the coming days. The economy in the eurozone – European countries that use the common euro currency – shrank a record 3.8 percent in the first quarter of the year.

In Britain, health minister Matt Hancock announced Friday the country has hit its target of carrying out 100,000 COVID-19 tests a day. Prime Minister Boris Johnson said Thursday that Britain is past the peak of the coronavirus outbreak and that cases are declining. The coronavirus has killed more than 27,500 people in Britain and infected about 178,700.

Italy, Spain and France on Friday reported declines in deaths from the virus, down from the peaks of their countries' outbreaks. 


May 02, 2020 at 03:30PM

Hong Kong Police Spray Tear Gas in Protest at Shopping Mall

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Hong Kong Police Spray Tear Gas in Protest at Shopping Mall

Hong Kong police used pepper spray on Friday to disperse over a hundred protesters in a shopping mall who were singing and chanting pro-democracy slogans. 

The demonstrators sang the protest anthem "Glory to Hong Kong" and chanted "Glory to Hong Kong, revolution of our times" in the New Town Plaza mall in Hong Kong's New Territories.  

As protesters gathered in the mall, riot police stopped and searched some and later told them to leave, saying they were violating social-distancing rules. The police then sprayed tear gas to disperse the crowd before cordoning off the atrium of the mall. 

The protest was one of several that went ahead on May 1, Labor Day, despite rules that forbid public gatherings of more than four people.  

Protesters display open palm with five fingers, signifying the "Five demands - not one less", during the Labor Day in Hong Kong, May 1, 2020.

Small groups of protesters also gathered near Kowloon's Mong Kok and Kwun Tong subway stations. 

Organizers initially planned citywide protests but many were canceled, with the organizers urging people to support pro-democracy restaurants instead. 

Friday's protests were the latest in a string of demonstrations over the past week in which protesters gathered in shopping malls. They follow the arrest of 15 pro-democracy activists and former lawmakers last Saturday. 

The demonstrations are a continuation of a movement that began last June to protest an extradition bill that would have allowed detainees in Hong Kong to be transferred to mainland China. Although the bill was later withdrawn, the demonstrations continued for months before a lull starting in January as the coronavirus pandemic broke out. 


May 02, 2020 at 10:10AM

Friday, May 1, 2020

Light mag. 4.4 earthquake - South of the Fiji Islands on Friday, 1 May 2020 - 1586702839843 ...

Light mag. 4.4 earthquake - South of the Fiji Islands on Friday, 1 May 2020 - 1586702839843 ...


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Date & time: Friday, 1 May 2020 19:09 UTC Local time at epicenter: 2020-05-02 07:09:38 +12:00. Magnitude: 4.4. Depth: 492.0 km. Epicenter latitude ...
May 02, 2020 at 04:18AM

Red zone in bangalore

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Red zone in bangalore
May 02, 2020 at 06:00AM

Kelly Clarkson fights back tears as Thomas Rhett, Lauren Akins recount adoption of daughter Willis

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Kelly Clarkson fights back tears as Thomas Rhett, Lauren Akins recount adoption of daughter Willis Kelly Clarkson recently struggled to keep her composure while on live television when country music star Thomas Rhett and his wife Lauren Akins popped in for Clarkson's at-home edition of her show -- and told the heartwarming story of the adoption of their now-4-year-old daughter Willa Gray Akins.
May 02, 2020 at 07:06AM

Dying Mother of Jailed Chinese Dissident Pens Open Letter: 'I Just Want to Say Goodbye'

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Dying Mother of Jailed Chinese Dissident Pens Open Letter: 'I Just Want to Say Goodbye'

The mother of China's first cyberdissident, who has been in detention since 2016, has published an open letter asking for permission to visit her son before she dies.

Huang Qi is serving a 12-year sentence for leaking state secrets.  His 87-year old mother published her letter earlier this month, and it has been circulating online.

In the letter, Huang's mother, Pu Wenqing, said she's suffering from several chronic illnesses including diabetes and cancer and doesn't have much time left to live.

"I have two requests," she wrote, "to see my son for the last time, and talk with him about his case."

Chinese dissident Huang Qi is pictured with his son at their home in Chengdu, in southwest China's Sichaun province.

Who's Huang Qi?

Huang Qi is widely considered China's first cyberdissident. He ran a website called "64 Tianwang," named after the June 4, 1989, crackdown on Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protesters.

The news website is blocked in China, because it covers local corruption, human rights violations and other topics routinely censored in Chinese media.

The website was awarded a Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Cyberfreedom Prize in November 2016. A few weeks after that, Huang was detained. Three years later, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail for intentionally leaking state secrets to foreigners.

Rights group Amnesty International has called the sentence "harsh and unjust."

Huang, 57, has heart and kidney disease and high blood pressure. Advocates have voiced concern about the consequences of his continued imprisonment. RSF has called on President Xi Jinping to "show mercy" and issue a pardon.

Repeated arrests

Huang's work has drawn repeated attention from Chinese authorities.

In 2003, he became the first person to be tried for internet crimes in China for allowing articles about the 1989 pro-democracy protests to appear on his website. That led to five years in prison.

In 2009, he was sentenced to three years in prison after campaigning for parents of children killed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

And in 2014, police again detained Huang after his website reported about a woman who had tried to set herself on fire in Tiananmen Square right before that year's National People's Congress meeting, one of China's most important political events.

Huang Qi's mom meets with diplomats from five countries in Chengdu to advocate for her son in 2018. (Web screenshot)

A mother's last appeal

Huang's mother has long been advocating for her son. She has been kept under police surveillance since Huang's sentence in 2019.

Pu said in her letter that while she still trusts China's judicial system, she believes her son's case has been handled unjustly.

"Internally, they all know Huang Qi has been set up. There's no official document regarding his sentence. It's all been sealed up in an envelope and labeled as classified," she wrote. Pu added  that she believes the local Sichuan authorities have made up the charges against her son.

Pu Fei, a former volunteer with 64 Tianwang, told VOA that no one has been able to visit Pu Wenqing since she was placed under constant police surveillance.

"Her physical condition is deteriorating. It makes no sense to make her suffer mentally," he told VOA.

Pu Fei said he understood that prisons and detention centers have been closed to visitors since the start of the COVID-19 epidemic. "However, we hope that the authorities could make an exception in this case, since Huang's mom doesn't have much time, and visiting her son is within her rights."

Respect for rights urged

Chen Yunfei, a well-known rights activist in Sichuan, urged officials in China's legal system to respect Huang's and his mother's rights, citing the case of a top security official now under investigation for legal abuses.

"I urge officials in the public security system to stop following Sun Lijun's methods. His cruel ways of dealing with activists have long been ignoring the law," he said.

Sun Lijun, a vice minister of public security, is under investigation for serious violation of party discipline and the law, according to a brief statement issued by China's top investigating agencies.

Analysts describe Sun as an "invisible hit man" who had played a key role in top leader Xi's past efforts to maintain social stability by rounding up dissidents.

Observers have been paying close attention to how his arrest will impact prosecution law across the country.


May 02, 2020 at 07:27AM

China Journalist Jailed as Free-Speech Clampdown Intensifies

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China Journalist Jailed as Free-Speech Clampdown Intensifies

A journalist who had worked for some of China's most powerful propaganda outlets has been jailed for 15 years after being accused of attacking the ruling Communist Party, court documents showed.

The sentence handed down on Chen Jieren is one of the harshest moves yet against free speech by China's government under President Xi Jinping, who has muzzled the press and ordered Chinese media outlets to serve the ruling Communist Party's interests.

It comes as China faces international scrutiny over its handling of the coronavirus pandemic, including questions over whether authorities covered up crucial information that could have prevented it spreading globally.

Chen, a former journalist with Communist mouthpiece People's Daily, was convicted Thursday of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble, extortion, illegal business operations and bribery," a court in central Hunan province said in a statement posted online.

FILE - A worker changes copies of the People's Daily newspaper in a public reading display at a park in Beijing, Nov. 20, 2015.

The charge of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" is a catch-all that Chinese authorities sometimes use against people who criticize the regime.

The court statement said Chen had posted "false" and "negative" information online "to hype relevant cases under the guise of providing legal advice." 

It said Chen was part of an "evil force" along with his ex-wife and three other people that illegally accrued 7.3 million yuan ($1 million) from their activities.

The Chinese Human Rights Defenders watchdog said Chen was convicted "apparently to punish him for his political speech on WeChat and other social media platforms," calling for his immediate and unconditional release.

It said Chen had been sacked from state media outlets including the China Youth Daily, Beijing Daily, and People's Daily.

Since then he had published online commentaries and investigative reports on social media.

The group accused Chinese authorities of denying Chen a fair trial.

Silencing critics

China has faced criticism after authorities in the coronavirus origin city of Wuhan reprimanded whistle-blowers who sought to raise an early alarm about the virus, prompting accusations that the cover-up may have fueled the pandemic.

Authorities also clamped down on Chinese citizen-journalists reporting on the pandemic's effects.

China in February expelled 13 U.S. journalists with the New York Times, Washington Post and Wall Street Journal who were among foreign outlets reporting extensively on the coronavirus in China.

Beijing said the move was in retaliation for new restrictions on the number of Chinese nationals who can work for its state-run propaganda outlets on U.S. soil.

But the expulsions have prompted alarm, with media organizations and the three newspapers warning that the action imperils "access to critical information" about the pandemic.

Journalists wearing face masks attend an official press conference about a virus outbreak at the State Council Information… Journalists wearing face masks attend an official press conference about a virus outbreak at the State Council Information…
International Journalists Face Changing Regulations in China, US
Amid the regulatory changes, China on Wednesday ordered three foreign reporters to leave the country because of complaints over a headline that appeared in their newspaper

Chinese freedom of expression has always been tightly controlled by the Communist Party but that grip has become suffocating under Xi.

A Chinese court last year sentenced "cyber-dissident" Huang Qi, whose website reported on sensitive topics including human rights, to 12 years in prison for "leaking state secrets."

Space for independent discussion has shrunk further this year as Xi's government has sought to deflect blame for the virus, which scientists believe emerged from a wild animal market in Wuhan.

Ren Zhiqiang, an outspoken Chinese Communist Party critic and millionaire property tycoon, was detained after he penned an essay fiercely critical of Xi's response to the outbreak.

Three Beijing-based internet activists also have disappeared and are believed to be held by police for archiving censored coronavirus news stories online, a relative of one of the activists said this week. 
 


May 02, 2020 at 06:22AM

Lockdown extension

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Lockdown extensionLockdown, lockdown news, Lockdown extended, lockdown in india, india lockdown, lockdown india, Orange Zone, green zone, Red Zone, lockdown extension in india, Lockdown 3.0, lockdown extension india, green zone in delhi, lockdown extended in india, lockdown news india, india lockdown extension, lockdown extension news
May 01, 2020 at 10:00PM

New York schools, colleges closed for rest of academic year due to coronavirus, Cuomo says

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New York schools, colleges closed for rest of academic year due to coronavirus, Cuomo says New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced Friday that his state's schools and colleges will now remain closed for the rest of the academic year due to the coronavirus outbreak. 
May 02, 2020 at 02:40AM

Lockdown extension in karnataka

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May 01, 2020 at 11:00PM

Lockdown in Maharashtra

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Lockdown in Maharashtra
May 01, 2020 at 10:00PM

Hungary: The First Dictatorship in the EU?

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Hungary: The First Dictatorship in the EU?

The establishment of one-man rule in the heart of Europe has enraged civil libertarians and Hungary's opposition leaders, who accuse Viktor Orbán of manipulating the coronavirus pandemic to establish what's effectively an elective dictatorship. 

Pressure is mounting on the European Union to take action against Hungary for passing sweeping emergency measures that will allow populist leader Orbán to rule by decree indefinitely. 

Orbán insists the measure is only temporary. And his foreign minister, Péter Szijjártó, told CNN that it was "unfair" to say the rule-by-decree measure amounts to a threat to the country's democracy. Although there's no deadline on Orbán's enhanced authority, he said, the parliament can remove his new powers when the virus subsides.

"There are many fake news and lies spread about Hungary based on this new law," Szijjártó said.  

Orbán's foes doubt his good faith. They say his emergency measure fits into a disturbing pattern from Ankara to Beijing and Caracas to Moscow, with authoritarian-minded leaders using the pandemic to consolidate or expand their power.

A man sits on a road in Budapest during a demonstration to protest the Hungarian government and its measures to respond to the novel coronavirus pandemic, April 20, 2020.

In Hungary's case, the emergency coronavirus measure cancels the country's elections, allows eight-year prison sentences for anyone breaking quarantine and gives Orbán  the power to shut down media outlets that spread what is deemed "fake news."

"Parliament can, technically vote to end this extra power," Umut Korkut, a politics professor at Scotland's Glasgow Caledonian University wrote in a recent commentary. "But Orbán's party Fidesz has a two-thirds majority. The Constitutional Court can investigate the legality of any governmental decrees Orbán produces, but again, he has made sure it is packed full of judges chosen by his party. It has been a long time since the court last voted against the government."

"The legislation therefore effectively delivers the country to Orbán in full, without any checks and balances," Korkut wrote.

Since Orbán's re-election in 2010, civil libertarians have denounced him for initiating a concerted erosion of democratic checks and balances. They include curbing judicial independence, politicizing the civil service and interfering in media and civil society.

"He moved quickly to consolidate power now because the public health crisis provides the perfect opportunity to take advantage of Hungarians' sense of vulnerability, fear, and anger," according to Markos Kounalakis, a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, a conservative think tank on the campus of Stanford University in California. 

The Hungarian leader has remained undeterred in his shaping of what he likes to call an "illiberal democracy." His political message has been that national sovereignty is being undermined by globalization, and nation states and their traditional cultures and lifestyles are being weakened by bankers and Eurocrats.

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban is seen on a laptop screen in a flat in Budapest as he makes an April 9, 2020, announcement that the government extended the partial curfew for an indefinite time in Budapest.

Orbán has at various times cited Russia, Turkey and China as useful models for Hungary and opposed Western sanctions on Russia for its 2014 annexation of Crimea. 

The European Commission, which has clashed with Orbán before over rule-of-law issues, said it was monitoring developments in Hungary and may now need to take action against Hungary. A spokesman said the commission was carrying out a "mapping exercise" of member states to examine whether any laws adopted during the crisis comply with EU and international laws.  

"There is particular concern about the case of Hungary, and I can tell you that we will not hesitate to take further action if this is deemed necessary," said the spokesman, who requested anonymity to speak frankly at a briefing.

Donald Tusk, the former European Council president who now heads the largest political grouping in the European Parliament, the center-right European People's Party, said it should consider expelling Orbán's Fidesz party as a member once the coronavirus crisis ends.

The Fidesz party was suspended last year from the main pan-European center-right alliance as controversy flared over alleged rule-of-law violations in Hungary.

"Making use of the pandemic to build a permanent state of emergency is politically dangerous, and morally unacceptable," Tusk said. 

As the vote passed on the emergency legislation, Orbán assured the national assembly: "When this emergency ends, we will give back all powers, without exception." He added: "Changing our lives is now unavoidable. Everyone has to leave their comfort zone. This law gives the government the power and means to defend Hungary."

But Norbert Röttgen, head of the German Bundestag's foreign affairs committee and a candidate in the race to succeed Angela Merkel as chancellor, also condemned the law, writing on Twitter that it "effectively eliminates opposition" and was a breach of basic principles the EU "cannot accept."

Legally the EU could suspend Hungary's membership of the bloc until it decides Hungary is in compliance. That would require the backing of all member states, however. The EU could also withhold funding and subsidies, which amount to 6   percent of Hungary's gross domestic product. That, too, needs unanimous consent.

There are doubts whether the commission will act decisively, despite mounting pressure. Last week, the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, a center-left political group in the European Parliament, issued a statement saying "Orbán has crossed all red lines" and that "Hungary is becoming the first dictatorship in the EU." The parliament's president David Sassoli has called for "swift action." 

The commission's formal response, however, has not gone beyond the rhetorical stage. The threats contain no suggestion of possible economic punishment. Brussels has ducked taking sharp action before against Hungary over rule-of-law breaches.

The European Commission is the executive arm of the EU and makes recommendations to the heads of national governments. All EU member states are supposed to observe rule-of-law standards and separation of powers. In 2017, for example, the commission brought a case in the European Court of Justice against Poland over laws that allegedly politicized the judiciary.

In the past, Orbán has had the support of like-minded nationalist leaders in neighboring states in Central Europe — although this time they have also expressed disapproval at what they see as an over-reach. Othmar Karas, a lawmaker and member of Austria's ruling conservative OVP party, which has been supportive of Orbán in the past, told reporters that the emergency measure "puts Orbán on the path" of authoritarianism.

But Orbán's defenders say actions under Hungary's emergency legislation can be struck down both by parliament and the constitutional court, the country's top tribunal.

John O'Sullivan, a former adviser to Britain's Margaret Thatcher and the president of the Danube Institute, a pro-Orbán think tank based in the Hungarian capital Budapest, says Orbán's action is no different from other Western leaders during the coronavirus crisis.

Writing in the National Review, the U.S. political magazine, he says: "Macron is already ruling by decree, and both Boris Johnson and Angela Merkel are doing the same in effect, through primary and secondary legislation."

Orbán made his name as a young anti-Communist dissident delivering a fiery anti-Russian speech at the 1989 reburial of Imre Nagy, leader of the Hungarian revolt of 1956 against the Soviet Union. But since the 2008 financial crash he has morphed from a libertarian leader into a populist conservative.

Last year, Freedom House, a U.S.-based watchdog group, described Hungary as only "partly free," the first time in history it withheld the designation "free" from an EU member state. It accused the Fidesz-led government of having "moved to institute policies that hamper the operations of opposition groups, journalists, universities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) whose perspectives it finds unfavorable."

One punitive step the EU could take, said Renata Uitz of the Comparative Constitutional Law program at the Central European University in Vienna, is to block Hungary from accessing a €861 million fund set up to assist with the pandemic.  

"Conditioning access to EU funds based on member states' respect for the founding values of the European Union has never been more urgent – and has never been more achievable," Uitz said. 

"Otherwise," she said, "the Union will continue to support a regime that has already demonstrated its commitment to abusing the unlimited emergency powers it arrogated."


May 02, 2020 at 02:24AM

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