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Pakistan's Court Summons TV Team for 'Disrespecting' Valentine's Day Ban A Pakistani court has summoned several TV reporters from the country's largest private TV station over accusations of "ridiculing" last year's ruling that barred Valentine's Day celebrations and its media coverage across the country. On February 14, Geo TV's popular Report Card show dedicated a 15-minute segment to discussing the justification of the court's ban on Valentine's Day coverage and celebrations. Two of the panelists in the show questioned the rationale of the ban. Hasan Nisar, a prominent Lahore-based political analyst, declared the restrictions "illogical" and "ridiculous" for society. "I do not even have anything to say on it, it's funny," Nisar said. Echoing Nisar, Imtiaz Alam, a leading reporter and panelist of the show, said the restrictions were "useless." "How can the court interfere as it is against the fundamental rights of the people? Do we have Taliban regime in Pakistan?" Alam asked. "This is a cultural martial law and curfew to enforce the extreme ideologies. This is a sick mindset, and the moral policing through PEMRA [Pakistan Electronic Media Authority] is shameless," Alam said. Court order Last year, on February 13, Islamabad's High Court declared Valentine's Day celebration un-Islamic and imposed a ban on any public or official celebrations. The government reinstated the ban for a second consecutive year earlier this month to comply with the court's ruling. PEMRA also issued a fresh directive to remind its TV and radio licensees to refrain from promoting the day on their stations. "Respondents are directed to ensure that nothing about the celebrations of Valentine's Day and its promotion is spread on the electronic and print media," PEMRA's notification reads. On charges of failing to adhere to the court's order and PEMRA's instruction, Islamabad court summoned the Geo TV host, two guests and the chief executive officer of the station to appear before the court next week and defend themselves in a contempt-of-court case. "This act of the host and the participants apparently is tainted with malafide, ulterior motives, aims to undermine the authority of the court and to disrespect the order passed by the court, which clearly comes within the definition of the contempt of court," the court said, according to local media. The ban on Valentine's Day celebrations and sensitivity toward it are not new in Pakistan. Some political and religious groups, such as Jamaat-i-Islami, have carried out rallies and protests against the celebration of the day, declaring it "unethical and un-Islamic." There have been instances in the past where local authorities prohibited the February 14 festivities in different cities across the nation. In 2016, President Mamnoon Hussain also warned Pakistanis to stay away from celebrating Valentine's Day, declaring it was "not a part of Muslim tradition, but of the West." General debate Valentine's celebrations have increased in Pakistan over the last decade, particularly among the country's youth. The enforcement of the ban on its celebration and media coverage for a second consecutive year has sparked a larger debate among some of the country's liberal and conservative circles. A section of the society defends the celebrations and considers them harmless, though for others the day does not have any place in their religious practices or their traditions. Pakistan, for the most part, is a conservative Muslim society. Public displays of affection are not the norm and often are viewed as unacceptable. But some Pakistanis, like Saleema Hashmi, a Lahore-based artist and renowned educator, believe the system is focusing on "irrelevant issues" at the expense of more important and pressing issues the country faces. "Don't our courts have better things to do instead of passing rulings on celebrating a mere romantic day?" she asked. "I do not understand how celebrating or denouncing Valentine's Day can impact our religion, traditions, social or cultural norms."
February 25, 2018 at 08:43AM
Saturday, February 24, 2018
Pakistan’s Court Summons TV Team for ‘Disrespecting’ Valentine’s Day Ban
Freedom Online Coalition
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Freedom Online Coalition
Balthas: added references and corrected language.
Participating countries commit to "promoting the freedoms of expression, association, and peaceful assembly with respect to the Internet and connection technologies"<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. They endorse the principle that the human rights that people have offline should enjoy the same protection online, including [[freedom of assembly]] and the [[Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention|right to organize]], [[freedom of religion]] and the right to be protected by the "arbitrary" intrude into his [[privacy]]. Its work builds on the resolution on "The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet" adopted by [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in July 2012<ref> Global Legal Monitor|date=2012-07-12|website=www.loc.gov|language=en|others=Zeldin, Wendy|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref>.
The group has held annual meetings in The Netherlands (2011), Kenya (2012), Tunisia (2013), Estonia (2014), Mongolia (2015) and Costa Rica (2016) <ref> Freedom Online Coalition|website=freedomonlinecoalition.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref>. The group is comprised of 30 member countries (February 2018)<ref> Freedom Online Coalition|website=freedomonlinecoalition.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref>. In 2018, the Chairmanship of the Freedom Online Coalition is held by the [[German Government]].
==References==
<references />
February 25, 2018 at 07:28AM
Mary Jackson McCrorey
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Mary Jackson McCrorey
Penny Richards: ←Created page with 'Mary Jackson McCrorey, from a 1921 publication. '''Mary Jackson McCrorey''' (November 9, 1867 – January 13, 1944) wa...'
'''Mary Jackson McCrorey''' (November 9, 1867 – January 13, 1944) was an American educator, mission worker, and leader in the [[Young Women's Christian Association]] (YWCA).
==Early life==
Mary C. Jackson was born in [[Athens, Georgia]], the daughter of Alfred Jackson and Louisa Terrell Jackson. She was the Jacksons' eighth child and their first free-born child, born after the end of the [[American Civil War]] and Emancipation. Mary C. Jackson attended [[Atlanta University]].<ref name="Crogman">W. H. Crogman, [http://ift.tt/2CFHhRQ "Mary Jackson McCrorey"] in Arthur Bunyan Caldwell, ed. ''History of the American Negro and His Institutions'' (A. B. Caldwell Publishing 1921): 620-624.</ref>
==Career==
Jackson taught school in Athens, after college. She was also a school principal in [[Orlando, Florida]] for four years.<ref name="Crogman" /> From 1896 to 1916, Mary Jackson was associate principal at [[Haines Normal and Industrial Institute]] in [[Augusta, Georgia]], working closely with the school's founder [[Lucy Craft Laney]].<ref>[http://ift.tt/2EO3nHz "The Dark Vestal Virgin: Lucy Craft Laney"] ''The Weekly Challenger'' (September 29, 2016).</ref><ref>Audrey Thomas McCluskey, [http://ift.tt/2CGT5Dh ''A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educators and Activists in the Jim Crow South''] (Rowman & Littlefield 2014): 43-44. </ref> She wrote a profile of Lucy Craft Laney for ''The Crisis'' in 1934.<ref>Mary Jackson McCrorey, [http://ift.tt/2F2is7K "Lucy Laney"] ''The Crisis'' (June 1934): 161.</ref>
Jackson served as president of the Baptist Division of Missions for Colored People, and founded one of the first YWCAs in the American South. She was an officer of the International Council of Women of the Darker Races.<ref>Bettye Collier-Thomas, [http://ift.tt/2CGniT2 ''Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion''] (Knopf Doubleday Publishing 2010): 615, note 329. </ref> She was part of a network of Southern black women at universities who were also involved with the YWCA and the [[National Association of Colored Women's Clubs]] (NACW), including [[Juliette Derricotte]], [[Jennie B. Moton]], [[Margaret Murray Washington]], and [[Nettie Langston Napier]].<ref>Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, [http://ift.tt/2F2sohz ''Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching''] (Columbia University Press 1993): 317, note 66. </ref>
==Personal life==
Mary C. Jackson married Henry Lawrence McCrorey, a widower and the president of [[Johnson C. Smith University]], in 1916.
==References==
==External links==
* [http://ift.tt/2CFYVEU Mary Jackson McCrorey's gravesite] on Find a Grave.
* [http://ift.tt/2F0jDED Program from Mary Jackson McCrorey's funeral service (January 16, 1944)], from Digital Smith, Johnson C. Smith University.
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:American educators]]
[[Category:People from Athens, Georgia]]
February 25, 2018 at 03:18AM
Several Broward deputies waited outside during Florida school shooting, report says
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Several Broward deputies waited outside during Florida school shooting, report says Coral Springs cops who responded to the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School say several Broward sheriff's deputies waited outside rather than rush in as the killer was gunning down students, the Sun-Sentinel reports.
February 25, 2018 at 03:00AM
Sussex in the High Middle Ages
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Sussex in the High Middle Ages
Peetred: /* Reign of King John (1199-1216) */ removed incorrect links
==Political history==
===Normans (1066-1154)===
====Norman conquest and reign of William I (1066-1087)====
[[File:Harold stone.JPG|thumb|250px|right|alt=Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.|The traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died]]
[[File:2083004 cb788d1c.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067|Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067]]
[[File:Anthropic Farm Units.png|thumb|250px|right|alt=This derivative work depicts six historical units of land measurement: the furlong, the rod, the oxgang, the virgate, the carucate, and the acre. |Division of farm land]]
=====Landing=====
They landed at [[Pevensey]] in [[Sussex]] on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at [[Hastings]], from which they raided the surrounding area.<ref name=Bates79>Bates ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 79–89</ref> This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding.<ref name=Marren98>Marren ''1066'' p. 98</ref>
=====Battle of Hastings=====
On Friday, 13 October 1066, [[Harold Godwinson]] and his English army arrived at [[Senlac Hill]] just outside Hastings, to face William of Normandy and his invading army.<ref name="seward5">Seward. Sussex. pp. 5–7.</ref> On 14 October 1066, during the ensuing battle, Harold was killed and the English defeated.<ref name="seward5"/> It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's [[thegns]] were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.<ref name="seward5"/> The Normans buried their dead in mass graves. There were reports that the bones of some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside some years later. It was believed that it would not be possible to recover any remaining bones from the battle field area, in modern times, as they would have disappeared due to the acidic soil.<ref name=past6>Edwina Livesay. Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result ''in'' Sussex Past and Present Number 133. p. 6</ref> However, a skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally thought to be associated with the 13th century [[Battle of Lewes]] turned out to be contemporary with the Norman invasion.<ref name=sac148>For detail on the excavation see Luke Barber and Lucy Siburn. The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex ''in'' SAC Vol. 148. pp. 79-109</ref> Skeleton 180 had sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. Skeleton 180 was one of 123 remains found in a medieval cemetery belonging to the Hospital of St Nicholas, which was run by monks from [[Lewes Priory]]. Many of the excavated skeletons exhibited the tell tale signs of a range of diseases common in that era, including leprosy, but only Skeleton 180 had died from head injuries. The reason why historians had originally thought that skeleton 180 was involved in the battle of Lewes is because the hospital was situated at the epicentre of the conflict. What had puzzled archaeologists though, was that most of the victims of the battle had been buried in mass grave pits dug next to the battle itself; these pits had been discovered by road builders in the 19th century. Analysis now continues on the other remains found, at the site of the hospital, to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals were.<ref name=past6 />
=====Aftermath=====
Sussex was the first area to be systematically 'Normanised'.<ref></ref> After regrouping following the battle of Hastings, William headed to Kent and London with his main army while detachments were sent into Sussex to act as a rearguard. The Domesday Book of 1086 shows a significant drop in recorded values along the line of the army's route through Sussex to Lewes and on via [[Keymer]], [[Hurstpierpoint]], [[Steyning]] and [[Arundel]] to [[Chichester]] where they were met by secondary Norman forces that landed around [[Chichester Harbour]]<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> or [[Selsey]] and continued westwards to [[Winchester]] in Hampshire and [[Wallingford]], Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).<ref></ref> A motte and bailey castle was built at [[Edburton]] soon after October 1066.
In 1067 William sailed Pevensey to begin his triumphant tour of Normandy. Whilst at Pevensey, William seemed to make a show of distributing lands to his followers in front of a number of Anglo-Saxon noblemen who had their lands taken away.
=====Consequences=====
Members of King Harold Godwinson's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England. The largest single exodus occurred in the 1070s, when a group of Anglo-Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers, as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries. The English became the predominant element in the elite [[Varangian Guard]], until then a largely Scandinavian unit, from which the emperor's bodyguard was drawn. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the [[Black Sea]] coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York.
The county was of great importance to the Normans; Hastings and Pevensey being on the most direct route for Normandy.<ref name="armstrong48"></ref> It was also necessary to guard Sussex and England from attack - to prevent raids by Danes and partly to prevent attack by the sons of Harold Godwinson,<ref></ref> as Sussex was a stronghold of the Godwin family.
Because of this the county was divided into five new baronies, called [[Rape (county subdivision)|rapes]], each with at least one town and a castle.<ref name="leslie34"/> This enabled the ruling group of Normans to control the manorial revenues and thus the greater part of the county's wealth.<ref name="leslie34"/>
William, the Conqueror gave these rapes to five of his most trusted Barons:<ref name="armstrong48"/> All were Normans who were close to William, with the exception of William de Braose, about whom little is known.<ref></ref>
* Roger of Montgomery - the combined Rapes of Chichester and Arundel.
* William de Braose - [[Rape of Bramber]].
* William de Warenne - Rape of Lewes
* Robert, Count of Mortain - Rape of Pevensey
* Robert, [[Count of Eu]] - Rape of Hastings
William built [[Battle Abbey]] at the site of the battle of Hastings, and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar.<ref name="seward5"/> In 1070, [[Pope Alexander II]] ordered the [[Normans]] to do penance for killing so many people during their [[Norman conquest|conquest of England]]. In response, [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] vowed to build an [[abbey]] where the [[Battle of Hastings]] had taken place, with the high [[altar]] of its church on the supposed spot where King [[Harold Godwinson|Harold]] fell in that battle on Saturday, 14 October 1066. William I had ruled that the church of St Martin of Battle was to be exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction, putting it on the level of Canterbury.
Norman influence was already strong in Sussex before the Conquest: the [[abbey of Fécamp]] had interest in the harbours of [[Hastings]], Rye, Winchelsea and Steyning; while the estate of [[Bosham]] was held by a Norman chaplain to [[Edward the Confessor]].<ref name="leslie34">Mark Gardiner and Heather Warne. Domesday Settlement ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical Atlas. pp. 34–35</ref> After the Norman conquest the 387 manors, that had been in Saxon hands, were replaced by just 16 heads of manors.<ref name="leslie34"/><ref name="horsfield77"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width:50%; text-align:center;"
|- align=center
! width="10pt"|
! width="200pt"style="text-align: center;"|The owners of Sussex post 1066<ref name="horsfield77">Horsfield. The History of the county of Sussex. Volume I. pp. 77–78</ref>
! width="20pt"style="text-align: center;"|Number of manors
|- valign=top
<!--Next row -->
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||1||[[William the Conqueror|William I]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||2||[[Lanfranc]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]||8
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||3||[[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand, Bishop of Selsey<sup>*</sup>]]||9
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||4||[[Gilbert Crispin|Gilbert, Abbot of Westminster]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||5||[[Fécamp Abbey|Abbot of Fécamp]]||3
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||6||[[Osbern FitzOsbern|Osborn, Bishop of Exeter]]||4
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||7||Abbot of Winchester||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||8||Gauspert, [[Abbot of Battle]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||9||Abbot of [[Shaftesbury Abbey|St Edward's]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|10||Ode<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||11||Eldred<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||12||[[William II, Count of Eu|William son of Robert, Count of Eu]]||108
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||13||[[Robert, Count of Mortain]] ||81
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||14||[[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]]||43
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||15||[[William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber|William de Braose]]||38
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||16||[[Roger of Montgomery|Roger, Earl of Montgomery]]||83
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|||align="right"| '''Total'''||'''387'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |<small>Notes:<br/> * The See was moved from Selsey to Chichester during Stigands tenure.<br/>** Ode and Eldred were Saxon Lords.</small>
|}
The 16 people, in charge of the manors, were known as the ''[[Tenant-in-chief|Tenentes in capite]]'' in other words the chief tenants who held their land directly from the crown.<ref name="horsfield77"/><ref name="friar429">Friar. The Sutton Companion to Local History. p. 429</ref> The list includes nine ecclesiasticals although the portion of their landholding is quite small and was virtually no different from that under Edward the Confessor.<ref name="horsfield77"/> Two of the lords were Englishmen, Ode, who had been a pre-Conquest treasurer, and his brother Eldred.<ref name=brandon193>Dennis Haselgrove. The Domesday Record of Sussex ''in'' Brandon's South Saxons. p. 193</ref> This means that 353 of the 387 manors in Sussex would have been wrested from their Saxon owners and given to Norman Lords by William the Conqueror<ref name="horsfield77"/>
Historically the land holdings of each Saxon lord had been scattered, but now the lords lands were determined by the borders of the rape.<ref name="brandon190">Brandon. The South Saxons. Chapter IX. The Domesday Record of Sussex</ref> The unit of land, known as the [[Hide (unit)|hide]], in Sussex had eight instead of the usual four [[virgate]]s,(a virgate being equal to the amount of land two oxen can plough in a season).<ref name="brandon190"/>
====Reign of William II (1087-1100)====
Following the death of William the Conqueror in 1087, [[William Rufus]], the third son of William the Conqueror, took the kingship in 1088, separating it from his brother [[Robert Curthose]], who remained Duke of Normandy.<ref></ref> In the [[rebellion of 1088]], the rebels, led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers [[Odo of Bayeux]]<ref name=blog></ref> and [[Robert, Count of Mortain]], and lord of the [[rape of Pevensey]], with Odo the stronger of the two and the leader, decided to band together to dispose of young King William II and unite Normandy and England under a single king, the eldest Duke Robert.
To achieve this Rufus had to secure Sussex and Kent against a retaliatory strike by Robert, who was based in Normandy. The lord of the rape of Lewes, [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]], was loyal to Rufus; [[Robert, Count of Mortain|Robert de Mortain]], lord of the rape of Pevensey, supported the rebel, Robert; [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomery]], lord of the rape of Arundel, waited, initially supporting Robert but later switching his support to Rufus. The forces of Rufus and de Warenne surrounded [[Pevensey Castle]] in a six-week siege, starving its inhabitants and capturing the rebel leader [[Odo of Bayeux|Odo]]. De Warenne, lord of Lewes, was mortally wounded at Pevensey, dying at [[Lewes]] on 24 June 1088 .<ref>G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), pp. 494–95.</ref><ref>Hyde Abbey, ''Liber Monasterii de Hyda: Comprising a Chronicle of the affairs of England'', ed. Edward Edwards (Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, 1866), p. 299.</ref> De Mortain was pardoned and continued as lord of Pevensey.
====Reign of Henry I (1100-1135)====
Pevensey remained important and in 1101 [[Henry I]] spent the summer there in anticipation of attack from Duke Robert.
====Reign of Stephen (1135-1154) including the Anarchy (1135-1153)====
1139 Siege of Arundel - part of the events of [[the Anarchy]].
[[File:A Chronicle of England - Page 149 - Matilda is Permitted to Retire from Arundel.jpg|thumb|Depiction from [[James William Edmund Doyle]] from 1864 of King Stephen's forces allowing Empress Matilda to leave Queen Adeliza's home at Arundel Castle in 1139]]
As the second wife of King Henry I [[Adeliza of Louvain]] was [[Queen consort of England|Queen of England]] from 1121 until Henry I's death in 1135. On their marriage in 1121 Henry gave Adeliza the city of Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref> Adeliza was given [[Arundel Castle]] where she lived. Because of Henry I's generosity, Adeliza was given the revenues of [[Rutland]], [[Shropshire]] and a large district of London, with possession of the city of [[Chichester]].<ref>http://ift.tt/2FssH2S> Adeliza gave her brother Joscelin a large estate in [[Sussex]] called [[Petworth]] that was dependent on her castle of [[Arundel Castle|Arundel]].
In 1138 Adeliza married [[William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny]]. D'Aubigny has fought loyally for King Stephen who made him [[Earl of Sussex]]. In 1153 William d'Aubigny helped arrange the truce between Stephen and [[Henry Plantagenet]], known as the [[Treaty of Wallingford]], which brought an end to [[The Anarchy]]. When the latter ascended the throne as [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], he confirmed William's earldom and gave him direct possession of [[Arundel Castle]] (instead of the possession in right of his wife (d.1151) he had previously had).
After her second marriage, Adeliza received Matilda at her home in Arundel, along with Matilda's half-brother [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]], in defiance of the wishes of her second husband who was a staunch supporter of [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]]. She later betrayed them and handed them over when King Stephen besieged the castle. Trying to explain Adeliza's actions, John of Worcester suggests that "she feared the king's majesty and worried that she might lose the great estate she held throughout England". He also mentions Adeliza's excuse to King Stephen: "She swore on oath that his enemies had not come to England on her account but that she had simply given them hospitality as persons of high dignity once close to her." Adeliza, was also a major benefactor to a [[leper hospital]]s at Arundel and another in Wiltshire.
The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at [[Arundel]] instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. Matilda stayed at [[Arundel Castle]], whilst Robert marched north-west to [[Wallingford Castle|Wallingford]] and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with [[Miles of Gloucester]], who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the king.
Stephen responded by promptly moving south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. Stephen also faced a military dilemma at Arundel—the castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of [[chivalry]]; Stephen was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare.
In 1147 following a rebellion by [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke]], [[King Stephen]] blockaded Pevensey Castle until its inhabitants were starved into submission.
===Angevins (1154-1216)===
Sussex at centre of [[Angevin Empire]].
====Reign of Henry II (1154-1189)====
1187 Fire destroys Chichester Cathedral and much of the city of Chichester.
Isabel de Warenne (c. 1228–1282) daughter of [[William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey]], married Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel, son of [[William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel]].
====Reign of Richard I (1189-1199)====
[[Richard I]] may have embarked in 1190 on the [[Third Crusade]] from Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/>
1194 While Richard the Lionheart is held captive in France, King John's forces lay siege to Chichester Castle.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"></ref>
====Reign of King John (1199-1216)====
1208 King John confiscates Bramber Castle from the de Braose family, after suspecting them of treachery.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"/>
1215 22 January While King John visits Knepp Castle for 4 days, confederated barons assemble in London to determine how best to check the career of this vicious king.<ref></ref>
1216 in part of the First Barons' War, Rye and Winchelsea open their gates to Prince Louis of France in an unsuccessful bid to take the crown from the hated King John.<ref name="Greahn 2012 69"></ref>
In 1216 [[Chichester Castle]] was attacked and occupied by Prince Louis of France.<ref></ref> Its destruction has been ordered but the order was not carried out and the castle surrendered to Louis.<ref></ref> In 1216, the castle, along with many others in southern England, was captured by the French. This was part of the First Barons' War against King John of England (1199–1216). Early in the 13th century, Chichester Castle was used as a court and jail. Chichester and [[Oxford Castle]] were some of the earliest urban castles to be used for this purpose, but gradually most urban castles were also used in this way.
Pevensey Castle was also probably ordered to be made indefensible by King John.
==Economy==
It is estimated that in the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings, wealth in Sussex fell by 40 per cent as the Normans sought to assert control by destroying estates or [[capital (economics)|capital]]. From Hastings to London, estates fell in value wherever the Normans marched
<ref name="Econ-Norman rule">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Economically Sussex suffered more than most counties; by 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10-25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066. Of the counties where meaningful data has been recorded, the economies of only [[Yorkshire]], [[Cheshire]] and [[Derbyshire]] which had been devastated through the [[harrying of the north]] fared worse than Sussex.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> By 1300 [[Gross Domestic Product|economic output]] in England as a whole was probably 2 to 3 times what it was in the period before the Conquest.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Trade with Normandy and the rest of the Angevin Empire was increased as the Normans were familiar with their home markets. William I invited Jews to England to facilitate lending; unencumbered by rules relating to usury that pertaining to Christians.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Jews mainly settled in towns with mints<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> which included Chichester. Also the vast increase in infrastructure such as castle and church building and also the building of new towns helped the economy to grow.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> In the 12th century, people had more money and wanted to spend it, so more fairs were established,<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> although belatedly many did not gain official recognition until the reign of Edward I in the late 13th century.
William assigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly in Sussex and the Welsh marches.
The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.
Ports:
Winchelsea
New Shoreham
Seaford
The [[Mint (facility)|mint]] continued at Chichester throughout the period.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref>
1155 Earliest known charter of the Cinque Ports, included Hastings and later Rye, Winchelsea and Seaford.<ref></ref>
Mint continued at Steyning until reign of William II.
Before the Conquest the principle port on the Adur was Steyning. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries there was a rivalry between Steyning (owned by [[Fécamp Abbey]]) in Normandy and the ports of Bramber, New Shoreham that were owned by the de Braose family, lords of the Rape of Bramber.<ref name="ShmEUS15">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> New Shoreham was one of most important Channel ports in 12th and 13th centuries.<ref></ref> William de Braose established the administrative centre of the rape at Bramber where he built a bridge and brought in a toll on all ships entering the port of Steyning. De Braose was setting up a rival parish at Bramber and after Fécamp Abbey's appeal to William I, de Braose was ordered to exhume and return 13 years' worth of burials to the churchyard at Steyning, preventing the creation of a new parish at Steyning's expense.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> De Braose then set up the new town of New Shoreham to the south and after 1100 Fécamp Abbey focused instead on its ports of Winchelsea and Rye.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/>
Shoreham is nearest Channel port to London. Shoreham visited by King John in 1199.<ref></ref>
Shipping records from the early 13th century show Winchelsea was Sussex's busiest port, closely followed by Shoreham.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> Exports from Shorham included [[timber]] and [[hemp]]. Shipbuilding took place at Shoreham including galleys that were repaired for King John in 1210 and 1212.<ref name="ShmEUS16">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Salt-making continued to take place near the Adur estuary.<ref name="ShmEUS17">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Religion==
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.<ref name="kelly9">Kelly. The Bishopric of Selsey ''in'' Mary Hobbs. Chichester Cathedral. p. 9</ref> The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, [[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand]].<ref name="kelly9"/> During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the [[Council of London (1075)|Council of London]] of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than [[vill]]s.<ref name="kelly9"/> 1094 saw the completion of [[Battle Abbey]], which had been founded on the site of the [[Battle of Hastings]] after [[Pope Alexander II]] had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also [[town planning|planned out]] the nearby town of [[Battle, East Sussex|Battle]] shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of [[Rape of Lewes|Lewes Rape]], [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]] and his wife [[Gundred, Countess of Surrey|Gundrada]] formed England's first and largest [[Cluniac]] monastery at [[Lewes Priory]]. The lord of [[Rape of Arundel|Arundel Rape]], [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomerie]] established [[Arundel Priory]] in 1102. [[Sele Priory]] in the [[Rape of Bramber]] was founded by the [[House of Braose|Braose family]] by 1126.
[[File:Battle Abbey gatehouse (1897).jpg|thumb|The gatehouse at Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror on the site of the Battle of Hastings]]
The [[Priory]] of [[Pancras of Rome|St Pancras]] was the first [[Cluniac]] house in England and had one of the largest monastic churches in the country. It was set within an extensive walled and gated precinct laid out in a commanding location fronting the tidal shore-line at the head of the [[River Ouse, Sussex|Ouse]] valley to the south of [[Lewes]].
[[Ralph de Luffa|Bishop Ralph Luffa]] is credited with the foundation of the current [[Chichester Cathedral]].<ref name="stephens47">Stephens. Memorials. p. 47</ref> <ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
The original structure that had been built by Stigand was largely destroyed by fire in 1114.<ref name="stephens47"/>
Luffa erected a timber-framed lodge at [[Amberley Castle|Amberley]] on land held by the diocese of Chichester at Amberley since Caedwalla granted it to the see of Selsey in 683. Seffrid I and Seffrid II both replaced walls and extended the building.
The medieval church also set up various [[History of hospitals|hospitals]] and schools in Sussex, including St Mary's Hospital in Chichester (c. 1290-1300);<ref></ref> St Nicholas' Hospital in Lewes, which was run by the monks of Lewes Priory;<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and [[the Prebendal School]] close to Chichester Cathedral.
The [[archdeacon]]ries of [[List of Archdeacons of Chichester|Chichester]] and [[List of Archdeacons of Lewes|Lewes]] were created in the 12th century under Ralph Luffa.<ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
Sussex has strong links with the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] including at [[Shipley, West Sussex|Shipley]], [[Poling, West Sussex|Poling]], [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]] and at the port of Shoreham - Templars (1170) and Hospitallers (1190).<ref name="ShmEUS17"/>
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.[21] The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand.[21] During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the Council of London of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than vills.[21] South Saxon see moved to Chichester.
1094 saw the completion of Battle Abbey, which had been founded on the site of the Battle of Hastings after Pope Alexander II had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also planned out the nearby town of Battle shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of Lewes Rape, William de Warenne and his wife Gundrada formed England's first and largest Cluniac monastery at Lewes Priory. The lord of Arundel Rape, Roger de Montgomerie established Arundel Priory in 1102. Sele Priory in the Rape of Bramber was founded by the Braose family by 1126.
In 1199 Chichester Cathedral was re-consecrated under Bishop Seffrid II. <ref name="Naylor 2013 p"></ref><ref name="Melton 2014 782"></ref>
===Pilgrimage===
Sussex lay on part of the route of the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] to the shrine of the [[Twelve apostles|apostle]] of [[James, son of Zebedee|St. James the Great]] on the town of [[Santiago de Compostela]] in the [[Crown of Castille]] (now Spain). Various Sussex ports, including Winchelsea, Shoreham and Lewes, were embarkation points to cross the English Channel and connect to the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] via the Via Turonensis through the [[Kingdom of France]].
===Crusades===
Chichester<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> and Shoreham may have been used as a point of departure for the crusades. Shoreham supplied three ships for Richard I for the [[Third Crusade]].<ref name="ShmEUS16"/>
===Judaism===
Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 [[pipe roll]] for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. Jews are also recorded in Arundel, Hailsham, and Lewes.<ref></ref>
==Geography==
The county boundary was long and somewhat indeterminate on the north, owing to the dense forest of Andredsweald.<ref name="brandon138">Brandon. The South Saxons. Ch. VI. The South Saxon Andredesweald.</ref> Evidence of this is seen in [[Domesday Book]] by the survey of Worth and Lodsworth under [[Surrey]], and also by the fact that as late as 1834 the present parishes of North and [[South Ambersham]] in Sussex were part of [[Hampshire]].<ref name="leslie40">Carol Adams. Medieval Administration ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical atlas of Sussex. pp. 40–41.</ref>
==Governance==
William the Conqueror set out compact lordships across Sussex in what were termed '[[rape (county subdivision)|rapes]]'. Shortly after 1066 there were four rapes: [[Arundel]], [[Lewes]], [[Pevensey]] and [[Hastings]].<ref></ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book]], William the Conqueror had created the [[rape of Bramber]] out of parts of the Arundel and Lewes rapes, so that the Adur estuary could be better defended.<ref name="PBSx"></ref><ref name="VCHSxChi"></ref><ref name="VCHSxLewes"></ref>
The rape of Arundel was much larger than its present size as included what was to become the [[rape of Chichester]], which did not become separate until the mid 13th century.<ref name="VCHSxChi"/>
Although the origin and original purpose of the Rapes is not known, their function after 1066 is clear. With its own lord and sheriff, each Rape was an administrative and fiscal unit.<ref name="Hull">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Culture==
===Architecture===
[[File:Shoreham, the Marlipins.jpg|thumb|Built as a townhouse, parts of the Marlipins in New Shoreham in modern Shoreham-by-Sea date from the 12th century]]
Important Norman architecture in Sussex includes Chichester Cathedral, the ruins of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey as well as Norman remains in the castles at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings.
Lewes Priory was the largest church in Sussex, being longer than Chichester Cathedral including its Lady Chapel, and is comparable in scale to the original form of [[Ely Cathedral]] or the surviving form of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
Notable minster or parish churches from the High Middle Ages include the churches at [[St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|New Shoreham]] (c 1120-1150) and Rye.<ref></ref> Important churches in Sussex with features from the [[Saxo-Norman]] overlap include [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]], [[St John the Baptist's Church, Clayton|Clayton]] and Bosham.<ref></ref>
===Art===
[[File:12th-century paintings of Last Judgement (Clayton Church, Sussex).jpg|thumb|12th century wall painting of the Last Judgement at Clayton, one of the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings]]
Lewes Priory had its own masons' yard, it manufactured decorated glazed floor tiles and had a school of sacred painting that worked throughout Sussex.<ref></ref> The calibre of surviving figurative carvings that are displayed at the British Museum is of a highly sophisticated order. Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, including at Clayton, Coombes, Hardham, Plumpton and now-lost paintings at Westmeston. Some of the paintings are celebrated for their age, extent and quality: Ian Nairn calls those at Hardham "the fame of Hardham",<ref name="NandP234"></ref> and descriptions such as "fine",<ref name="Fisher124"></ref><ref name="Salter107"></ref> "Hardham's particular glory"<ref name="Wales115"></ref> and "one of the most important sets in the country"<ref name="Whiteman79"></ref> have been applied.
===Language===
* use of [[Anglo-Norman language]] by ruling class; Norman French was almost exclusively used as a spoken language
* use of [[Latin]] as the language of all official written documents
* use of [[Old English]] which evolved into [[Middle English]] by common people.
At the start of the High Middle Ages Sussex had its own dialect of [[Old English]] which was in effect part of a continuum of southern English dialect from Kent in the east to Wessex in the west.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> As the influence of the [[Norman language]] increased, the Anglo-Norman language developed and the Sussex dialect of Old English evolved into a dialect of Middle English.
===Literature===
''[[The Proverbs of Alfred]]'' is a collection of sayings supposedly from King Alfred said to have been uttered at [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]] that were written in the mid-12th century in [[Middle English]]. It is likely to have been written by someone living in or originating from southern Sussex, probably from either Lewes Priory or Battle Abbey.<ref></ref>
==See also==
* [[History of Sussex]]
* [[Kingdom of Sussex]]
* [[History of Christianity in Sussex]]
* [[History of local government in Sussex]]
* [[England in the High Middle Ages]]
==Bibliography==
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==References==
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[[Category:History of Sussex]]
February 25, 2018 at 01:15AM
24 Killed in New Syrian Government Airstrikes East of Damascus
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24 Killed in New Syrian Government Airstrikes East of Damascus Another wave of airstrikes pounded the Syrian rebel enclave of eastern Ghouta Saturday, killing at least 24 people and increasing the civilian death toll over the past week to more than 500, including more than 120 children, a Britain-based monitoring group said. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and witnesses said Saturday the week-long bombing campaign by the Syrian government and Russia has been so relentless that first responders have not had the chance to count bodies. "Maybe there are many more," said Siraj Mahmoud, a civil defense spokesman. "We weren't able to count the martyrs yesterday or the day before because the warplanes are touring the skies." Syrians often refer to their dead as "martyrs." In one of the deadliest aerial assaults of the seven-year-old war, the monitoring group said Saturday's strikes hit Douma, Hammouriyeh and several other towns. Residents hiding in charitable medical facilities and basements denounced attacks on a dozen hospitals in the area of Ghouta, the only remaining large rebel stronghold near the capital of Damascus. There was no immediate comment from the Syrian government. But the government and Russia have previously said they only pursue militants in an effort to stop their mortar attacks on the capital. Russia has been Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's primary ally since the war began in March of 2011. Moscow entered the conflict in 2015, tipping the balance of power toward Assad. The United Nations Security Council is set to vote Saturday on a draft resolution that calls for a 30-day cease-fire throughout Syria to allow medical evacuations and aid delivery. The U.N. says nearly 400,000 people live in eastern Ghouta, which has been under a government blockade since 2013 - resulting in shortages of food and medical supplies. Eastern Ghouta, about 17 kilometers east of Damascus, is under the control of two Islamist factions and Syria's former al-Qaida affiliate.
February 24, 2018 at 11:28PM
Syrians in Ghouta Tweet for Their Lives as Bombs Rain Down
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Syrians in Ghouta Tweet for Their Lives as Bombs Rain Down "For God's sake help us!" reads a message on Twitter attached to a video showing two small girls, bleeding and crying in a smoky, chaotic house. It is part of a social media campaign surrounding the crisis in Ghouta, Syria, where more than 400 civilians have been killed in the past six days, according to Human Rights Watch. "I'm in the center of the city," said Mahmoud Bwedany, a 20-year-old activist and student in Ghouta, speaking on a Whatsapp call Friday evening from the basement of the building he used to live in. "I'm not near the front line but two days ago a mortar hit 3 meters away from our building." "The children were crying out loud," he added. "I didn't see any guns they were holding." Online, hundreds of messages, many including pictures of dead children, emerged in a "Twitter Storm" on Friday, an event designed to raise awareness. If the assault on Ghouta continues, activists say this could be the beginning of a devastating new chapter in Syria's 7-year-old civil war. "They are literally targeting everything that moves," said Adnan Hadad, a Syrian media activist in direct contact with civilians in Ghouta. "There is no shortage of news, videos and still photos. But people feel that the world is just sitting there, watching them dying." International war Eastern Ghouta, about 15 kilometers from Damascus, is held by opposition fighters and has been under siege by Syrian government forces since 2013, HRW says. More than 13 hospitals have been hit in the recent bombardments, and activists say they fear that if Syrian and Russian forces continue to cause mass civilian casualties in Ghouta, they will proceed to take other opposition-controlled areas in a similar fashion. Russia's envoy to the U.N., Vassily Nebenzia, disputes claims of mass civilian casualties, calling them rumors as a result of "mass psychosis in global media outlets acting in coordination." Iranian and Russian media accuse the Western press of ignoring the casualties caused by fighters in Ghouta lobbing rockets into Damascus. Iran, also allied with the Syrian government against rebel groups, has called for a de-escalation of the violence, but blames it on "terrorist groups," according to Iranian broadcaster, Press TV. Reacting to the fighting in Syria, U.S. President Donald Trump said Friday, "What Russia and what Iran and what Syria have done recently is a humanitarian disgrace." He made the comments during a press conference at the White House, adding, "What those three countries have done to people over a short period of time is a disgrace." Online activists beg, plead and try to shame the world into hearing their message. One professional-looking series of photos shows individual world leaders juxtaposed to photographs of carnage in Syria, reading, "What are you doing for Ghouta except observing the Genocide?" But activists say their calls have done little to stop the violence. The United Nations has repeatedly failed to broker a cease-fire, and the Syrian government insists it is fighting terrorists, not opposition groups. And even if a cease-fire is reached, it may not de-escalate the violence, according to Bwedany, the activist who has been living in the basement with about 30 of his neighbors since the assault began. Beyond a cease-fire agreement, the international community needs to "make sure that they respect it and fulfill what they agreed," he said.
February 24, 2018 at 07:55PM
Philippines Students Gather for Art — and a Shot at a Guinness Record
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Philippines Students Gather for Art — and a Shot at a Guinness Record Nearly 17,000 students in the Philippines gathered in a park in the capital, Manila, on Saturday in a bid to set a record for the world's biggest art class. Middle school pupils from about 200 schools listened for about an hour as a teacher taught them how to draw a mask. "I learned a lot," said one of the students, Kathleen Pareno. Organizers said 16,692 students joined the lesson and the figure would be sent to Guinness World Records for an evaluation. India holds the record for the largest art lesson with 14,135 people taking part in one in 2014, Guinness World Records said on its website.
February 24, 2018 at 07:24PM
Rizwan Sikander
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Rizwan Sikander
OnzeTalent: ←Created page with ''''''Rizwan Sikander Gesawat''''' (born 10 July 1987) is an Indian actor who is best remembered as a main lead in short films called TechSex (2016) with the co-s...'
Sikander is also active as a fashion model, he walked the ramp for brands like Spykar Jeans, Wrangler Jeans, Arrow, Onida Mobile n, Tuscan Verve, D Code Jeans, Killer Jeans. and as a director of India's first travel web-series Compass and as a executive producer for his sister [[Shama Sikander]]'s upcoming web-series called Ab Dil Ki Sun. Both the projects will be releasing in mid of 2018.
== Early Life ==
'''''Rizwan Sikander Gesawat''''' was born in [[Makrana]], [[Rajasthan]], India, and is the Son of Gulshan,<sup>[1]</sup> a housewife and father Sikander Ali Gesawat who was a marble supplier and now practices Ayurveda.<sup>[2][3]</sup> At the age of 4 his family moved to [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], where he lived together with his siblings, Khalid (born 1984), [[Shama Sikander]] (born 1981), and Salma (born 1991). For generations, Rizwan Sikander's family loved cinema. Fate had its way and he relocated to Mumbai in 1991. Having moved locations frequently,<sup>[5]</sup> Sikander attended as 6 schools in his early life in [[Makrana]] and in various parts of Greater Mumbai including [[Malad]], [[Mumbra]], [[Thane]], and [[Andheri]].<sup>[3][5]</sup> Sikander happened to have an exposure of the entertainment industry since early age as he has often accompanied his sister [[Sony TV|Shama Sikander]] for auditions, meetings, filmy parties & film premier's. As soon as, Sikander managed to find his foothold in Mumbai, he was selected to participate in [[Fear Factor India|Fear Factor]] and flew to Malaysia, for the shoot. Sikander is placing his best foot forward and is confident of a bright future. And by the age of 20 he started modelling for many brands, may it be ramp walk or prints or commercials. Being an adventurous and fitness enthusiast, Sikander took part in reality shows, he soon got picked up for television soaps by the top production houses such as [[Sony TV|Balaji Telefilms]], [[Sony TV|Dj Creations]], [[Sony TV|Contiloe Pictures]], [[Sony TV|Lostboy Production]] & [[Sony TV|Film Farm]]. later to that he enrolled in the [[Sony TV|Roshan Taneja's School Of Performing Art]]. in Mumbai in 2009 to hone his skills towards acting and cinema for his career.
== Career ==
Rizwan kick started his television career by winning & creating history in a worldwide known reality show [[Prem Aggan|''Fear Factor India '']] (2006) and was a top 10 contestant in [[Mann (film)|''India's Zee Cine Stars'']] (2006), soon he was in a cameo role for [[Sony TV|Zee TV]] in [[Ansh: The Deadly Part|''jab love hua'']] ( 2007). He first gained significant recognition on television as the title character 'Arindham' in the popular [[Sony TV|Star Plus]] drama [[Ye Meri Life Hai|''Kayamath'']] (2009) also in [[Ansh: The Deadly Part|''Gumraah'']] season 2 as Daljeet (who's a cards sharp) for [[Ansh: The Deadly Part|''Channel V'']]''. He soon was seen in Vikram Bhatt's [[Prem Aggan|The Haunted Nights]]'' for [[Prem Aggan|''Sahara One'']]''.'' Mumbai's renowned photographer turned director Aakash Shrivastav casted him for an English short film called [[Ansh: The Deadly Part|''Post Heist'']] as Jonah Sharp Shooter (2010), his work was highly appreciated everyone. In year 2011 Sikander hosted an episode of French reality show based on One Day with a Big Family in London.
=== Actor (2006-Present) ===
While working to establish himself in [[Mumbai]]'s [[Bollywood]] industry, Sikander traveled hours attend auditions for commercials, prints, tv-series & films in the city of dreams
His film debut came at the age of 19, in 2006 with international reality show the [[Prem Aggan|''Fear Factor India '']] produced by Endemol and directed by [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Simmi Karna]].
Though his reality shows journey soon he grabbed an opportunity to work in balaji telefilms even though it was three episodes job in Kayamath show for [[Sony TV|Star Plus]], on television series as a cameo in [[Sony TV|Jab Love Hua]] on [[Sony TV|Zee TV]].
=== Director (2017-Present) ===
On 18th November 2017 Sikander announced his travel show in Dubai Fitness Expo at [[The Dubai Mall]] and had a great response by the audience and brands.
== In the media ==
Sikander's sex appeal has been picked up on by many sources, focussing on his fitness regimen, diet, and style sense.
Listing among his activities kickboxing, power yoga and dance, Sikander has commented "fitness has always been an integral part of my daily routine ... I ensure that I work out everyday [<nowiki/>[[Sic|''sic'']]] for at least an hour ... [I] eat right and think positive."<sup>[41]</sup>
Sikander's hobbies, including the sketches, fitness,<sup>[54]</sup> photography<sup>[55],</sup> travel, film making and most recently
The actor is also said to be multi-lingual, speaking seven languages including Hindi, English, [[Urdu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Bangali, Bihari]] and [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] (of her native [[Rajasthan]]).<sup>[54]</sup>
== Personal Life ==
=== Relationship ===
In 2007 Sikander was seeing UK based Turkish girl Seran Leila, a ballroom dancer who won 20 awards in Europe and in 2008 they both did Indian reality show [[Aajaa Mahi Vay|Aaja Mahi Vay]] for [[Star Plus|star plus]], later Sikander shifted to UK (London) in 2010 to pursue his career in acting. Post his break up he returned back to Mumbai in 2012 to continue pursue his dream. Rumors says in [[Roadies X2]] Ishpy Kaur and Sikander were very close and post show were seen together in parties, when asked about relationship they claimed we are just good friends in 2016.
== Filmography ==
=== Short Movies ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Type'''
|'''Directors'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|2010
|''Post Heist''
|Jonah (Sharp Shooter)
|Akash Srivastav
|
|-
|2016
|[[Contract (2008 film)|''What do you want'']]
|Lead
|Philip Jamal Rashid
|
|-
|2016
|[[Ansh: The Deadly Part|''Techsex'']]
|Lead
|Shailendra Singh
|
|-
|2017
|False Awakening
|Lead
|Sameer Joshi
|
|-
|2017
|''Respect''
|Lead
|Sam Khan
|
|-
|2018
|Bigger the better
|Medical Owner
|Jay Bodas
|
|}
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Show'''
|'''Role'''
|'''Type'''
|'''Channel'''
|'''Producer'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|2007
|[[Yeh Meri Life Hai|''Jab love hua'']]
|Bunty
|Cameo
|[[Sony TV|Zee TV]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Dj Creations]]
|Four episodes - Hot Hunk
|-
|2007
|[[Kaajjal|''Kayamath'']]
|Aditya
|Cameo
|[[Sony TV|Star plus]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Balaji telefilms]]
|Four episodes - Blackmailer
|-
|2007
|[[Kaajjal|''Kasam Se'']]
|Rocky
|Cameo
|[[Sony TV|Zee TV]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Balaji telefilms]]
|Two Episodes - Biker Gang
|-
|2007
|''Jodee Kamaal Ki''
|Self
|Celebrity Guest
|[[Star Plus]]
|Shreya Creations
|Ep. Raksha Bandhan Special with his sister Shama Sikander
|-
|2007
|[[Kaajjal|''Kasauti Zindagi ki'']]
|Raj
|Cameo
|[[Star Plus]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Balaji telefilms]]
|One Episode
|-
|2007
|[[Kaajjal|''Sirf Stories'']]
|Aakash
|Lead
|[[SAB TV]]
|[[SAB TV|Film Farm]]
|Two Episodes Story
|-
|2009
|[[Man Mein Hai Visshwas|''Kayamath'']]
|Arindham
|Lead's Brother
|[[Star Plus]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Balaji telefilms]]
|Leap - Bengali Family (younger son)
|-
|2012
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Gumraah Season 2]]
|Daljeet
|Villain
|[[Sony TV|Channel V]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|Lost Boy & Balaji telefilms]]
|Card Sharp
|-
|2014
|[[Baal Veer|''Haunted Nights'']]
|Aaksah
|Lead
|[[SAB TV|Sahara One]]
|[[Optimystix Entertainment|The Entertainment Hub]]
|Episodic
|}
=== Television (Dance & Reality) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Class'''
|'''Role'''
|'''Channel'''
|-
|2006
|[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|''Fear Factor India'']]
|Stunt/Dare Reality Show
|Self (Contestant)
|[[Colors (TV channel)|Sony TV]]
|-
|2006
|[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|''Zee Cine Star Ki Khoj Season 2'']]
|Talent Hunt-Contest Reality Show
|Self (Contestant)
|[[STAR One|Zee TV]]
|-
|2007
|[[Jjhoom India|''The Great Indian Love Challenge'']]
|Task Reality Show
|Self (Contestant)
|[[Sahara One|Ndtv Goodtimes]]
|-
|2008
|[[Boogie Woogie|''Aaja Mahi Vay'']]
|Dance Reality Show
|Self (Contestant)
|[[Sony TV|Star Plus]]
|-
|2015
|[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|''Roadies X2'']]
|Stunt/Dare Reality Show
|Self (Contestant)
|[[STAR One|MTV INDIA]]
|}
=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Role'''
|'''Type'''
|'''Director'''
|'''Producer'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|2018
|''Ab Dil ki Sun''
|Brother
|Cameo
|Sam Khan
|Shama Sikander
|
|-
|2018
|Compass
|Himself
|Host
|Rizwan Sikander
|Sam Khan
|
|}
=== Music Videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Song Title'''
|'''Singer'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|2015
|''Hasi Ban Gaye (Cover)''
|Sonali Bahuguna
|
|-
|2016
|''Roadie Hoon Main''
|Self
|
|-
|2016
|Bum Bum Bo
|Ishq Bector & Apeksha Dandekar
|
|}
=== TV Commercials ===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Year'''
|'''Brands'''
|'''Role'''
|'''Director'''
|'''Production'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|2013
|''Officer's Choice Blue Whiskey''
|Angry Boyfriend
|Will Van Der Vulgt (German)
|Caramel Pictures
|
|-
|2013
|Park Avenue
|Lead Singer
|David Lodge
|Off Road Films
|
|-
|2017
|Jabong #beyou
|Model
|Abhishek De
|Avant Garde Films
|With Diljit Dosanjh
|}
== References ==
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February 24, 2018 at 06:33PM
#10: Girl, Wash Your Face: Stop Believing the Lies About Who You Are so You Can Become Who You Were Meant to Be
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#10: Girl, Wash Your Face: Stop Believing the Lies About Who You Are so You Can Become Who You Were Meant to Be
Rachel Hollis (Author)
(956)Release Date: February 6, 2018
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February 24, 2018 at 04:24PM
Boston City Council election, 1991
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Boston City Council election, 1991
Dmoore5556: initial page creation, from cited sources
<!-- Boston City Council uses "councillor" spelling -->
'''[[Boston City Council]] elections''' were held on November 5, 1991. All thirteen seats (nine district representatives and four at-large members) were contested in the [[general election]], and had also been contested in the [[primary election|preliminary election]] held on September 24, 1991.
==At-large==
Councillors [[Dapper O'Neil]], [[Christopher A. Iannella]], and [[Rosaria Salerno]] were re-elected. Councillor [[Michael J. McCormack]] retired and did not seek re-election; his seat was won by former Boston School Committee member [[John A. Nucci]].
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref></ref>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref></ref>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref></ref>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Dapper O'Neil]]
| align="right" | 32,374
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 44,758
| align="right" |
|-
| [[Christopher A. Iannella]]
| align="right" | 23,566
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 40,270
| align="right" |
|-
| [[Rosaria Salerno]]
| align="right" | 24,447
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 37,113
| align="right" |
|-
| [[John A. Nucci]]
| align="right" | 22,253
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 35,723
| align="right" |
|-
| [[Bruce Bolling]]
| align="right" | 16,400
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 32,008
| align="right" |
|-
| [[Peggy Davis-Mullen]]
| align="right" | 12,860
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 25,658
| align="right" |
|-
| Francis Costello
| align="right" | 12,855
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 22,545
| align="right" |
|-
| John Grady
| align="right" | 13,512
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 20,375
| align="right" |
|-
| Corbett
| align="right" | 11,205
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Boyce Slayman
| align="right" | 8251
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Walsh
| align="right" | 7559
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Hall
| align="right" | 5220
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Murray
| align="right" | 3915
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| James Klocke
| align="right" | 2886
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 1==
Councillor [[Robert Travaglini]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot></ref>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim></ref>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General></ref>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Robert Travaglini]]
| align="right" | 5531
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 7592
| align="right" |
|-
| Robert M. Cappucci
| align="right" | 2299
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3392
| align="right" |
|-
| Thomas B. Pizzi
| align="right" | 740
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 2==
Councillor [[James M. Kelly (Boston politician)|James M. Kelly]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[James M. Kelly (Boston politician)|James M. Kelly]]
| align="right" | 7249
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 9414
| align="right" |
|-
| Michael Cronin
| align="right" | 1926
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3608
| align="right" |
|-
| Richard W. Czubinski
| align="right" | 512
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Ali J. Fiumedoro
| align="right" | 344
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 3==
Councillor [[James E. Byrne]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[James E. Byrne]]
| align="right" | 7922
| align="right" |
|-
| Jill S. Klowden
| align="right" | 1635
| align="right" |
|}
==District 4==
Councillor [[Charles Yancey]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Charles Yancey]]
| align="right" | 4742
| align="right" |
|-
| J. R. Rucker
| align="right" | 558
| align="right" |
|}
==District 5==
Councillor [[Thomas Menino]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Thomas Menino]]
| align="right" | 6784
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 9678
| align="right" |
|-
| Peter D. Stone
| align="right" | 913
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 2181
| align="right" |
|-
| Edmund T. Burke
| align="right" | 632
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Gerald Bagley
| align="right" | 203
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 6==
Councillor [[Maura Hennigan]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Maura Hennigan]]
| align="right" | 9079
| align="right" |
|-
| Michael Kennedy
| align="right" | 2753
| align="right" |
|}
==District 7==
Councillor [[Bruce Bolling]] ran for an at-large seat; [[Anthony Crayton]] won the District 7 seat.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref></ref>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Anthony Crayton]]
| align="right" | 836
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3129
| align="right" |
|-
| Roy A. Owens
| align="right" | 974
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 2314
| align="right" |
|-
| [[Althea Garrison]]
| align="right" | 703
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Ben Haith
| align="right" | 691
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| James A. West
| align="right" | 666
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Hattie Dudley
| align="right" | 395
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Natalie E. Carithers
| align="right" | 211
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 8==
Councillor [[David Scondras]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[David Scondras]]
| align="right" | 2086
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3208
| align="right" |
|-
| Glenn W. Fiscus
| align="right" | 577
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 1380
| align="right" |
|-
| Michael J. Fleuette
| align="right" | 323
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==District 9==
Councillor [[Brian J. McLaughlin]] was re-elected.
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=1 rowspan=2 |'''Candidates'''<ref name=Ballot/>
!colspan=2 |'''Preliminary Election'''<ref name=Prelim/>
!colspan=2 |'''General Election'''<ref name=General/>
|-
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
| [[Brian J. McLaughlin]]
| align="right" | 2514
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3685
| align="right" |
|-
| Cornelius K. Hurley
| align="right" | 1639
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 3516
| align="right" |
|-
| Curran
| align="right" | 516
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|-
| Aramis Camps
| align="right" | 169
| align="right" |
| colspan=2 bgcolor=darkgray |
|}
==See also==
* [[Boston mayoral election, 1991]]
==References==
==Further reading==
*
*
*
[[Category:History of Boston]]
[[Category:Government of Boston]]
[[Category:Massachusetts elections, 1991]]
February 24, 2018 at 03:58PM
Father raped, chained, beat twin daughters for 10 years: police
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Father raped, chained, beat twin daughters for 10 years: police A Minneapolis father was arrested this week on slew of charges for the alleged rape, starvation and beating of his twin daughters – one of whom he twice impregnated – over the course of several years, authorities said.
February 24, 2018 at 02:45PM
Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project
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Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project As leaders and representatives of countries involved in the Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI) gas pipeline celebrated the project's inauguration, Afghan Taliban, in a rare announcement, vowed to support and protect the pipeline in areas under its control. In a statement emailed to media outlets, Qari Mohammad Yusuf Ahmadi, a purported Taliban spokesperson, claimed credit for the project, implying that it was initially planned during the Taliban regime, and said the group will ensure its security in areas under its control. "The Islamic Emirate views this project as an important element of the country's economic infrastructure and believes its proper implementation will benefit the Afghan people. We announce our cooperation in providing security for the project in areas under our control," the Taliban statement said. The long-awaited 1,814-kilometers (1,130-mile) pipeline project, known by its acronym TAPI, which will stretch from Turkmenistan and feed gas to Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, was officially inaugurated Friday by Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani in the country's western Herat province. Inaugural ceremony Pakistan Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov and India Minister of State for External Affairs M.J. Akbar participated in the inauguration ceremony, which was held amid tight security to prevent possible attacks aimed at disrupting the event. The work on the Afghan part of the multibillion-dollar project has officially begun, and the project will take several years to complete. Ghani said TAPI is the start of a new beginning for the region. "We hope that this project [TAPI] will pave the way for hundreds of other projects and the hope is that our future generations will view this not only as the inauguration of a project and an economic corridor, but the foundation of a shared vision which will help us fight poverty, unemployment, extremism and insecurity in our region," he said. "The policy of cooperation will ensure prosperity for our people, and economic prosperity is an important pillar of security and stability," Ghani added. Taliban's statement follows another statement by the group's breakaway faction, led by Mullah Mohammad Rasool, which also said it would support the project and prevent domestic and foreign groups from jeopardizing the prospects of its success. "We will not allow any group or state to disrupt this project," Maulawi Abdul Manan Niazi said in a statement sent to local media. It is very rare for Taliban insurgents to support a government project. The militant group is often accused of destroying bridges, roads, schools and other places of public interest in their attacks across the country. Militants linked to Iran Meanwhile, provincial officials in Herat province told media that a group of 10 militants, who allegedly had been trained in Iran to attack the inauguration ceremony of TAPI, decided not to carry out the attack and instead surrendered to authorities. "Enemies of Afghanistan have instructed them to disrupt the ceremony, but they [militants] realized that this project would benefit the Afghan people and the next generations of the country," Herat province Governor Mohammad Asif Rahimi told RFE/RL Afghanistan service. The Afghan Ministry of Interior said they would investigate the group's claims. "Every country involved in such disruptive attempts should know that one day their future generations will pay the price as the fire will reach them as well," Murad Ali Murad, deputy minister of Interior, told local media without naming any country. Iranian officials have not commented on this issue yet. Some Afghan officials, however, blame Tehran for supporting the Taliban in Afghanistan, a charge Tehran denies. TAPI vs IPI? Another gas project by Iran, Pakistan and India, known by its acronym IPI, is also underway, and some analysts speculate that Iran might view TAPI as a rival to IPI and try to disrupt it. Afghan President Ghani, however, rejected the notion that Iran is not happy with TAPI. The United States supports TAPI and views it as an important project for all the countries that are party to it. VOA's Afghanistan service has contributed to this report.
February 24, 2018 at 02:03PM
#9: The Healing Power of Essential Oils: Soothe Inflammation, Boost Mood, Prevent Autoimmunity, and Feel Great in Every Way
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#9: The Healing Power of Essential Oils: Soothe Inflammation, Boost Mood, Prevent Autoimmunity, and Feel Great in Every Way
Eric Zielinski D.C. (Author)
Release Date: March 13, 2018
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February 24, 2018 at 02:06PM
Deportations Rise, Increasingly Among Those With No Criminal Record
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Deportations Rise, Increasingly Among Those With No Criminal Record People arrested by deportation officers increasingly have no criminal backgrounds, according to figures released Friday, reflecting the Trump administration's commitment to cast a wider net. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement said 65 percent of arrests from October to December were criminals, compared to 82 percent during the final full three months of the Obama administration. Looked at another way, arrests of criminals jumped 14 percent to 25,626 from 22,484, but arrests of non-criminals nearly tripled to 13,548 from 4,918. Overall, there were 39,174 deportation arrests from October to December, up from 27,402 during the final full three months of the Obama administration. The 43 percent surge is consistent with trends since Trump took office and dramatically increased enforcement. During the 2017 fiscal year, which included nearly four months under Obama, 74 percent had criminal convictions and an additional 16 percent had pending charges, according to ICE. The most common crimes were driving under the influence, drugs, other traffic offenses and immigration violations. The administration has said people with criminal histories remain a priority but that no one in the country illegally is immune. Many with deep, longstanding ties in the country who stayed out of trouble were allowed to stay under Obama but are now ordered to leave. In February, former Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly, now Trump's chief of staff, scrapped the Obama administration's policy of limiting deportations to people who pose a public safety threat, convicted criminals and those who have crossed the border recently, effectively making anyone in the country illegally vulnerable. ICE's Dallas field office tallied the most arrests during the latest three-month period, followed by Atlanta and Houston.
February 24, 2018 at 01:38PM
'House of Horrors' parents plead not guilty to new charges
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'House of Horrors' parents plead not guilty to new charges "House of Horrors" parents David and Louise Turpin appeared in court on Friday, pleading not guilty to charges of child abuse, the latest filed against the California parents who are accused of abusing their children prior to their January rescue.
February 24, 2018 at 12:14PM
Friday, February 23, 2018
National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine
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National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine
Andrew J.Kurbiko: /* Links */
== Goals ==
* The body's goals are:
* development and implementation of research programs in Antarctica;
* ensuring further development of the Antarctic station "Academician Vernadsky"
* interdisciplinary research in the field of environmental protection
== Leaders ==
* Petro Gorzhyk (1996-1999)
* Valery Litvinov (1999-2018)
* Diky Evgen<br>
== Links ==
* [http://www.uac.gov.ua Official website of the National Antarctic Science Center]
* Наукові установи України. — Довідкове видання. — Київ : УкрІНТЕІ, 2013. — 220 с. — С. 168.
* [http://ift.tt/2sTQxCc «Ъ'»: Кабінет міністрів притягує до полюса.] FINANCE.UA За матеріалами Коммерсант-Україна
* [http://ift.tt/2F3pKbg Антарктична зима]. Дана Романець, «Україна молода»
[[Category:Antarctic expeditions]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Antarctic agencies]]
[[Category:Government agencies of Ukraine]]
February 24, 2018 at 09:59AM
US Gymnasts Tell AP Sport Rife With Verbal, Emotional Abuse
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US Gymnasts Tell AP Sport Rife With Verbal, Emotional Abuse They were little girls with dreams of Olympic gold when they started in gymnastics. Now they're women with lifelong injuries, suffocating anxiety and debilitating eating disorders. They are the other victims of USA Gymnastics. Thirteen former U.S. gymnasts and three coaches interviewed by The Associated Press described a win-at-all-cost culture rife with verbal and emotional abuse in which girls were forced to train on broken bones and other injuries. That culture was tacitly endorsed by the sport's governing body and institutionalized by Bela and Martha Karolyi, the husband-and-wife duo who coached America's top female gymnasts for three decades. The gymnasts agreed to speak to AP, some for the first time, after the recent courtroom revelations about USA Gymnastics' former team doctor, Larry Nassar, who recently was sentenced to decades in prison for sexually assaulting young athletes for years under the guise of medical treatment. The Karolyis' oppressive style created a toxic environment in which a predator like Nassar was able to thrive, according to witness statements in Nassar's criminal case and a lawsuit against USA Gymnastics, the Karolyis and others. Girls were afraid to challenge authority, Nassar was able to prey on vulnerable girls and, at the same time, he didn't challenge the couple's harsh training methods. "He was their little puppet," Jeanette Antolin, a former member of the U.S. national team who trained with the Karolyis, said. "He let us train on injuries. They got what they wanted. He got what he wanted." Young girls were virtually starved, constantly body shamed and forced to train with broken bones or other injuries, according to interviews and the lawsuit. Their meager diets and extreme training often delayed puberty, which some coaches believed was such a detriment that they ridiculed girls who started their menstrual cycles. USA Gymnastics declined to answer questions for this story, and the Karolyis didn't reply to requests for comment. The Karolyis' Houston attorney, Gary Jewell, said the Karolyis didn't abuse anyone. Some female gymnasts in the U.S. were subjected to abusive training methods before the Karolyis defected from their native Romania in 1981. But other coaches and former gymnasts say the Karolyis' early successes — starting with Romania's Nadia Comaneci becoming the first woman gymnast awarded a perfect score in competition — validated the cutthroat attitudes that fostered widespread mistreatment of American athletes at the highest levels of women's gymnastics. The Karolyis, who helped USA Gymnastics win 41 Olympic medals, including 13 gold over three decades, trained hundreds of gymnasts at their complex in rural Huntsville, Texas, known as "the ranch." They selected gymnasts for the national team and earned millions from USA Gymnastics. A congressional committee investigating the gymnastics scandal said in Feb. 8 letters to the Karolyis, USA Gymnastics and the U.S. Olympic Committee that they were all "at the center of many of these failures" that allowed Nassar's sexual abuse to persist for more than two decades. It's unclear what the Karolyis knew about Nassar's sexual abuse and whether they took any action to stop it. Martha Karolyi, in a deposition given last year as part of the lawsuit against the Karolyis and numerous others, acknowledged that "in or around June 2015" she received a phone call from the then-head of the national gymnastics organization, Steve Penny, informing her that the organization had received a complaint that Nassar had "molested a national team gymnast at the ranch." The deposition was included in a Feb. 14 letter to two U.S. senators from John Manly, an attorney representing Nassar victims in a lawsuit that seeks monetary damages and court oversight of USA Gymnastics. Manly cited the deposition in accusing the sport's governing body of lying to Congress. In a timeline submitted to a congressional committee investigating the scandal, the organization said it was told in mid-June of an athlete "uncomfortable" with Nassar's treatment, but that it was not until late July 2015 that it decided to notify law enforcement "with concerns of potential sexual misconduct." Penny, the former USA Gymnastics chief, said in a statement that Martha Karolyi was mistaken about the timing of his call. Texas has one of the strongest child abuse reporting laws in the nation, requiring anyone who has reason to believe abuse has occurred to immediately alert authorities. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor punishable by jail time and a fine. In the deposition, Martha Karolyi said she did not discuss what she learned about Nassar with anyone but her husband, her lawyers and the USA Gymnastics official who called her. Jewell, the Karolyis' attorney, said the couple didn't know about any sexual assault complaints involving Nassar until Martha Karolyi was contacted by a USA Gymnastics official in the summer of 2015.
February 24, 2018 at 09:45AM
California Parents Face New Charges in Kids' Torture Case
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California Parents Face New Charges in Kids' Torture Case A Southern California couple suspected of starving and shackling some of their 13 children pleaded not guilty Friday to new charges of child abuse. David and Louise Turpin previously entered not-guilty pleas to torture and a raft of other charges and are being held on $12 million bail. Louise Turpin also pleaded not guilty to a new count of felony assault. Louise Turpin, dressed in a blouse and blazer, looked intently at more than a dozen reporters in the courtroom. David Turpin, wearing a blazer, tie and black-rimmed glasses, kept his eyes on the judge during the hearing. Both said little except to agree to a May preliminary hearing. Shocking discovery The couple was arrested last month after their 17-year-old daughter escaped from the family's home in Perris, California, and called 9-1-1. Authorities said the home reeked of human waste and evidence of starvation was obvious, with the oldest sibling weighing only 82 pounds. The case drew international media attention and shocked neighbors who said they rarely saw the children, who appeared to be skinny, pale and reserved. Authorities said the abuse was so long-running the children's growth was stunted. They said the couple shackled the children to furniture as punishment and had them live a nocturnal lifestyle. The children, who range in age from 2 to 29, were hospitalized immediately after their rescue and since then Riverside County authorities, who obtained temporary conservatorship over the adults, have declined to discuss their whereabouts or condition. Finding their voice Attorneys representing the adult siblings told CBS News, however, that the seven are living at Corona Medical Center, where they have an outdoor area for sports and exercise, and are making decisions on their own for the first time. "That in itself is a new experience for them, understanding that they do have rights and they do have a voice," attorney Jack Osborn said. He said that making daily decisions such as what to read or wear is empowering. "I just want you to understand just what special individuals they are," Osborn said. "They all have their own aspirations and their own interests and now they may have an opportunity to address those, which is really exciting." The attorneys said the older siblings want to do things such as go to the beach, the mountains and to movies, as well as attend college and have careers. CBS reported that the adults communicate by Skype with the younger siblings, who are being cared for separately. Corona Mayor Karen Spiegel, who works closely with the siblings' nurses, told CBS that the nurses "talk about how warm and loving these kids are, and so appreciative."
February 24, 2018 at 09:35AM
Judges Decline to Immediately Toss Pennsylvania Congressional map
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Judges Decline to Immediately Toss Pennsylvania Congressional map A new congressional map in Pennsylvania on Friday survived a request from eight of the state's Republican congressmen that federal judges throw it out immediately, but the case remained far from settled days before candidates will start collecting signatures to get on the primary ballot. Hours after they were appointed to the case, a three-judge panel declined to temporarily hold up implementation of the map put in place by the state Supreme Court on Monday. The new map substantially overhauls a Republican-drawn one that has helped produce a predominantly Republican delegation and was widely viewed as among the nation's most gerrymandered. The three federal judges laid out a schedule for the parties to elaborate on their legal positions, including a March 9 hearing in Harrisburg. Congressional candidates in Pennsylvania are scheduled to start collecting signatures Tuesday to get their names on the primary ballot. The GOP congressmen and two Republican state senators sued two high-ranking state elections official Thursday, asking the federal court to require the use of a Republican-drawn 2011 congressional district map for this year's primary and general elections. They argued the map the state justices produced was biased in favor of Democrats, and that the state court did not give state lawmakers sufficient time to produce a replacement map. A lawyer for Democratic Governor Tom Wolf wrote the court Friday on behalf of the elections officials, noting that two other Republican leaders in the Legislature had a request for a stay of the new map pending before the U.S. Supreme Court. Deputy General Counsel Thomas Howell asked the federal court to defer action on the congressmen's lawsuit until that request has been resolved. 'Rife' with errors Howell claimed that the lawsuit against Wolf's acting secretary of state and the head of the Bureau of Commissions, Elections and Legislation had "significant hurdles'' and was "rife with legal and factual errors.'' The judicial panel, named pursuant to a federal law governing constitutional challenges to congressional reapportionment, consists of Judge Christopher Conner, a Pennsylvania-based district judge; Judge Jerome Simandle, a senior district judge from New Jersey; and Judge Kent Jordan, a circuit judge who was formerly a district judge in Delaware. Conner and Jordan were chosen for the federal bench by President George W. Bush, while Simandle was nominated by President George H.W. Bush. In the parallel case, House Speaker Mike Turzai and Senate President Pro Tempore Joe Scarnati on Wednesday asked the U.S. Supreme Court to put the new map on hold, arguing state justices had overstepped their authority. On Thursday, the leaders also asked the state Supreme Court to delay the map. Wolf and other parties were given until noon Monday to weigh in. The 2011 map has helped Republicans maintain a 13-5 edge in the congressional delegation for three elections. The Democrats who are the majority on the state Supreme Court ruled in January that the 2011 map violated the state constitution's guarantee of free and equal elections. After lawmakers did not enact a Wolf-supported plan during a two-week window, the judges drew their own map. Democrats have about 800,000 more registered voters in Pennsylvania, but President Donald Trump, a Republican, narrowly defeated Hillary Clinton in the state during the 2016 election. Democrats are hopeful that new Pennsylvania congressional districts will help them flip enough Republican seats to retake majority control of the U.S. House this year. Six Pennsylvania congressmen elected in 2016 are not running again, an unusually large number.
February 24, 2018 at 09:34AM
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