Saturday, November 9, 2019

Kansas restaurant forced out employee with HIV, lawsuit claims

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Kansas restaurant forced out employee with HIV, lawsuit claims A former employee at a Kansas restaurant chain claims in a lawsuit that he was forced out of a job after telling his manager he was diagnosed with HIV.
November 10, 2019 at 07:39AM

Newly Freed Lula Sets Up Clash With Bolsonaro's Right Wing in Brazil 

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Newly Freed Lula Sets Up Clash With Bolsonaro's Right Wing in Brazil 
Former Brazilian leader Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva on Saturday attacked right-wing President Jair Bolsonaro for impoverishing working Brazilians and vowed to unite the left to win the 2022 elections in a speech one day after being freed from jail. 
Lula's wide-ranging, 45-minute speech to cheering supporters focused broadly on defeating Bolsonaro and improving the economic conditions of the working class. 
Lula, who was president from 2003 to 2010, also took aim at a long list of political enemies, including Bolsonaro, Economy Minister Paulo Guedes and Justice Minister Sergio Moro, a former judge who initially ruled to convict Lula. 
"I want to tell them, I'm back," the 74-year-old told hundreds of supporters dressed in red, the color of his Workers Party, outside the metalworkers union where he got his political start. 
He said Guedes seeks to remake Brazil economically in the image of Chile, long seen as a model of financially conservative governance, but that those policies are the reason for the widespread street protests paralyzing its Latin American neighbor. 
Court ruling
A judge ordered that Lula be freed on Friday, a day after Brazil's Supreme Court issued a broader ruling ending the mandatory imprisonment of convicted criminals after they lose their first appeal. Lula had been imprisoned on a corruption conviction carrying a nearly nine-year sentence. 
Bolsonaro told reporters in Brasilia, "Let's not give space to compromise with a convict."  
Earlier on Twitter, the president called for supporters to rally around his government's agenda, which has included a severe tightening of public spending, saying that they must not allow Brazil's next phase of recovery to be derailed. 
"Do not give ammunition to the scoundrel, who is momentarily free but full of guilt," Bolsonaro said.  
While Bolsonaro did not mention Lula by name, his left-wing rival took direct aim at the president. 
"If we work hard, in 2022 the so-called left that Bolsonaro is so afraid of will defeat the ultra-right," he said. 
Ineligible to run
Lula, who left the presidency with sky-high approval ratings, is ineligible to stand for office until 2025 under Brazil's "Clean Record" law because of a conviction for taking bribes. But his release is expected to energize the left ahead of next year's municipal elections. 
He was imprisoned in 2018 after being found guilty of receiving bribes from construction companies in return for public contracts. 
Lula has maintained his innocence. On Saturday he repeated that Justice Minister Moro, prosecutors and police were lying about his guilt for political reasons. 
"[I'm] not responding to criminals, jailed or freed. Some people deserve to be ignored," Moro responded on Twitter. 

November 10, 2019 at 08:09AM


【外部リンク】
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-corruption-lula/in-brazil-newly-freed-lula-sets-up-clash-with-bolsonaros-right-wing-idUSKBN1XJ0AI
In Brazil, newly freed Lula sets up clash with Bolsonaro's right-wing
ブラジリア(ロイター)-ブラジルの元指導者ルイス・イナシオ・ルーラ・ダ・シルバは土曜日に、右翼のジェイル・ボルソナロ大統領を就労中のブラジル人を貧困に陥れたとして攻撃し、刑務所から解放された翌日のスピーチで2022年の選挙に勝つために左派を団結させることを誓った。

Bolivian Military Won't 'Confront' Citizens as Pressure on Morales Builds 

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Bolivian Military Won't 'Confront' Citizens as Pressure on Morales Builds 

Bolivian President Evo Morales denounced the actions of "violent groups" early Saturday, hours after police forces were seen joining scattered protests, but the military weighed in later, saying it would not "confront the people" in a standoff over a disputed election. 

Morales, Latin America's longest-standing leader, won the election on October 20, but a delay of nearly a day in the vote count has sparked allegations of fraud and led to protests, strikes and roadblocks. 

On Friday night, local television showed police in several Bolivian cities marching alongside protesters in apparent acts of disobedience and joining chants regularly used by the opposition. 

Adding to the pressure on Morales, the Armed Forces said in a statement on Saturday "that we will never confront the people to whom we have a duty and we will always ensure peace, co-existence and the development of our homeland." 

Criticism from foreign ministry

In a tweet in the early hours of Saturday, Morales repeated accusations that "violent groups" were launching a coup against the state. The foreign ministry released a statement saying some police officers had "abandoned their constitutional role of ensuring the security of society and state institutions." 

At a news conference later in the day, Morales called an urgent meeting with the four political parties represented in parliament. By Saturday afternoon, at least two opposition parties had rejected Morales' invitation and one had accepted. 

Morales said he would also invite international organizations, including the Vatican, the United Nations and the Organization of American States, which is conducting an audit of the October vote. 

Luis Fernando Camacho, a civic leader from the eastern city of Santa Cruz who has become a symbol of the opposition, and Carlos Mesa, the runner-up in October, reiterated their calls for Morales — the country's leader since 2006 — to step down.  

"What we want here is to unite all Bolivians in a single cause. We want President Evo Morales to leave," Camacho told a news conference. 

March set for Monday

Camacho plans to lead a march to the government palace on Monday with a symbolic resignation letter for Morales to sign. 

Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro tweeted his support for Morales on Saturday. 

"We denounce before the world the attempted coup d'etat in progress against the brother President Evo Morales," said Maduro, who has been accused of corruption and human rights violations. 


November 10, 2019 at 07:56AM

Catalan Separatists Demonstrate on Election Eve

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Catalan Separatists Demonstrate on Election Eve

Waving separatist flags and chanting, "Freedom for political prisoners!" thousands of supporters of Catalan independence gathered in Barcelona for concerts and rallies on Saturday, while some protesters faced off with police, a day before Spain heads to the polls for a general election. 

Mostly organized by secretive Catalan protest group Democratic Tsunami, the demonstrations aim to force Spaniards to reflect on the prison sentences handed down last month to nine separatist leaders who spearheaded a failed independence bid in 2017, organizers said. 

In one protest called by CDR, another separatist group that favors direct action such as blocking highways, several hundred demonstrators tried to reach the Spanish police headquarters, the flashpoint of some of last month's riots, but were blocked by police. 

Tense exchanges

There were tense moments as masked protesters, singing the Catalan anthem, threw eggs and other objects at the police and tried to barricade the road with waste bins. Officers responded by chasing them through central Barcelona's restaurant-packed streets until the crowd dispersed. 

Local media said there was no immediate word of any arrests. A spokesman for the Catalan police could not confirm whether any arrests were made during the protest. 

The election campaign has been dominated by the Catalonia separatist issue after weeks of sometimes violent protests that followed the Supreme Court's ruling on the Catalan leaders. 

Attending the rally, Jovita Mezquita, 69, praised Democratic Tsunami's initiatives, including its first protest, which disrupted Barcelona's airport in mid-October. 

"We have to be imaginative," she said.  

"We have to do things that have impact in the world," she added, arguing that separatists were not taken into account in the rest of Spain. 

'Very complicated'

But away from the protests, some Barcelona residents were skeptical that things could change for the region, where separatism is a highly divisive issue. 

"I see [it as] very complicated for the situation in Catalonia to be resolved, because at the national level, that is to say at the Spanish level, I do not see that there is a great desire to do it," said Maria Rodriguez, a 33-year-old actress. 

Democratic Tsunami, which advocates nonviolent action, called on supporters to demonstrate across the region Saturday afternoon and suggested there would be more to come if Spanish politicians refused to engage with separatists. 

"As long as there is no dialogue, instability will continue," it said in a statement late Saturday. "The [Spanish] state will not be able to continue with repression without having a citizens' response." 

The group, whose leadership remains unknown, said the controversial app it uses to organize events had received more than 1,000 attacks. 

The campaign for Catalan independence has been mostly peaceful for years, but some protests turned violent last month, with a minority of mostly young demonstrators torching cars and launching petrol bombs at police. 

Extra police

Madrid sent around 2,500 additional national police officers — including anti-riot units — to support Catalonia's regional police force ahead of the election, a national police spokesman in Barcelona told Reuters. 

The goal is to "guarantee that everyone can exercise their right to vote," the spokesman said. 

A Catalan police spokeswoman declined to comment on the force's security plans. 

Carme Martin, 68, who attended Saturday's protest, said she could understand some of the youths' frustration after last month's riots in Barcelona.  

"I don't like violence but [I understand] if it is defensive," she said. 


November 10, 2019 at 07:45AM

AOC appears to accuse Bloomberg of trying to 'purchase our political system'

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AOC appears to accuse Bloomberg of trying to 'purchase our political system' Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., seemed to criticize billionaire and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on Saturday while speaking at a rally for Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt. in Iowa.
November 10, 2019 at 07:36AM

Merkel Urges Defense of Freedom on 30th Anniversary of Berlin Wall's Fall

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Merkel Urges Defense of Freedom on 30th Anniversary of Berlin Wall's Fall

Chancellor Angela Merkel led a series of commemorations Saturday in the German capital to mark the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, which divided the city during the Cold War until it was breached and torn down on November 9, 1989. 
 
Merkel, who grew up in Communist East Germany, said, "The Berlin Wall is gone and that teaches us that no wall that excludes people and restricts freedom is so high or so wide that it cannot be broken through." 
 
November 9 also is the anniversary of Kristallnacht, when Jews were attacked across Nazi Germany in 1938 — a foretaste of the horrors that would follow in the Holocaust.  

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, left, shakes hands with visitors prior to a memorial service in the chapel at the Berlin Wall…
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, left, shakes hands with visitors prior to a memorial service in the chapel at the Berlin Wall Memorial in Berlin, Germany, Nov. 9, 2019.

"The 9th of November, which reflects in a special way both the horrible and the happy moments of our history, makes us aware that we have to face hatred, racism and anti-Semitism resolutely," Merkel said in a speech at the Chapel of Reconciliation, located where the Berlin Wall once stood. "It urges us to do everything in our power to defend freedom and democracy, human dignity and the rule of law."  

The Presidents Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany, Janos Ader of Hungary, Andrzej Duda of Poland, Zuzana Caputova of Slovakia…
Presidents Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany, Janos Ader of Hungary, Andrzej Duda of Poland, Zuzana Caputova of Slovakia and Milos Zeman of the Czech Republic, from right, put flowers in a crack inside the Berlin Wall, Nov. 9, 2019.

International attendance 
 
Leaders from Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic also attended a ceremony at Bernauer Strasse, site of one of the last remaining sections of the Berlin Wall. They placed roses between gaps in the barrier that divided the city for 28 years. 
 
Germany President Frank-Walter Steinmeier paid tribute to the pro-democracy protesters in the former Soviet bloc countries. 
 
"In gratitude, we remember today with our friends the historical events of 30 years ago," Steinmeier said. "Without the courage, without the will for freedom of the Poles, the Hungarians, the Czechs and the Slovaks, the peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe, and German unity, would not have been possible." 
 
A weeklong series of events in Berlin was capped off Saturday night with a concert at the famous Brandenburg Gate, involving several German and international performers.  

Visitors stay underneath the skynet artwork 'Visions In Motion' in front of the Brandenburg Gate as they attend stage…
Visitors stay underneath the skynet artwork "Visions In Motion" in front of the Brandenburg Gate as they attend stage presentations to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall in Berlin, Germany, Nov. 9, 2019.

Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan famously gave a speech in front of the landmark in 1987, demanding of his Soviet counterpart: "Mr. [Mikhail] Gorbachev, tear down this wall." A statue of Reagan, who died in 2004, was unveiled Friday next to the Brandenburg Gate. 
 
The wall was constructed in 1961 to stop the flood of East Germans fleeing to capitalist West Berlin to escape communist rule. It was officially called the "anti-fascist protection rampart" by the East German government. Hundreds of people were shot dead trying to cross it. 
 
Following growing pressure across the Warsaw Pact countries in 1989, pro-democracy protests spread to East Germany. 
 
On November 4, 1989, a half-million demonstrators gathered in Alexanderplatz in East Berlin. Five days later, a government spokesperson mistakenly said the East Germans were now free to travel to the West, prompting tens of thousands to rush to crossing points along the 43-kilometer barrier. 
 
In the confusion, border guards opened the gates and thousands of people surged across the frontier, cheered by crowds on both sides of the wall. Within hours, Berlin residents were taking pickaxes to the concrete wall, as the city erupted in wild celebrations.  

People reenact the symbolic wall opening, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the falling wall in the outdoor area of the…
People reenact the symbolic wall opening, celebrating the 30th anniversary of the falling wall in the outdoor area of the German-German museum in Moedlareuth, Germany, Nov. 9, 2019.

The fall of the wall is seen as a key moment in the collapse of communism. Just two years later, the Soviet Union imploded and the Cold War was declared over. 
 
Tensions between East-West 
 
However, tensions between East and West have resurfaced. Relations between Russia and the West plummeted following Moscow's forceful annexation of Crimea and support for rebel fighters in eastern Ukraine in 2014. Arms control treaties have been ditched, and many world leaders have warned of a new Cold War. 
 
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo also attended the ceremonies to mark the fall of the Berlin Wall. In a speech on the eve of the anniversary, Pompeo warned that "the West lost our way in the afterglow of that proud moment," adding that the U.S. and its allies should "defend what was so hard won." 
 
"We thought we could divert our resources away from alliances, and our militaries. We were wrong," Pompeo said. "Today, Russia — led by a former KGB officer once stationed in Dresden [President Vladimir Putin] — invades its neighbors and slays political opponents."  

Tourist take photos at remains of the Berlin Wall after commemorations celebrating the 30th anniversary of the fall of the…
Tourist take photos at the remains of the Berlin Wall after commemorations celebrating the 30th anniversary of its fall, at Bernauer Strasse in Berlin, Nov. 9, 2019.

Pompeo also criticized Russia's treatment of the political opposition. He said China was now using methods of oppression against its own people that would be "horrifyingly familiar to former East Germans." 
 
Beijing labeled Pompeo's comments as "extremely dangerous" and said they exposed his "sinister intentions." 
 
Pompeo also warned that NATO needed to evolve as the alliance approaches its 70th anniversary. His comments followed sharp criticism from French President Emmanuel Macron, who warned this week in an interview with The Economist that NATO was becoming "brain-dead" in the absence of U.S. leadership. 
 
Washington has repeatedly called on European NATO members to meet the bloc's military spending target of 2% of gross domestic product, warning it will no longer shoulder the burden of European defense. 


November 10, 2019 at 07:17AM

Nils Jörn

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Nils Jörn

LouisAlain: ←Created page with ''''Nils Jörn''' (born 31 October 1964) is a German historian and author. Since 2004 he has been working at the Archive of the Hanseatic City of Wismar,...'


'''Nils Jörn''' (born 31 October 1964) is a German [[historian]] and author. Since 2004 he has been working at the Archive of the Hanseatic City of [[Wismar]], and since 2012 as its director.

== Life ==
Jörn was born in [[Bergen auf Rügen]]. After attending school in [[Usedom]] and [[Wolgast]], he completed his military service with the [[National People's Army|NVA]] from 1983 to 1986. In September 1986 he began studying history and [[German studies]] at the [[University of Greifswald|Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald]], where between 1988 and 1990 he specialized in medieval and early modern history under the supervision of . He completed his studies in 1991 with the authority to teach history. Subsequently he stayed at the University Greifswald to complete a research study under the supervision of [[Horst Wernicke]] on the subject "The Hanseatic Stalhof in London in the period from 1474 to 1554".

From 1991 to 1992, a research period took him to the [[German Historical Institute London]] and the [[London School of Economics]]. From 1994 until his [[doctorate]] in 1996, he worked as a research assistant on the joint project "The Hanseatic Flemish Trade" at the Universities of Greifswald and Kiel. From 1996 to 1999 he worked on the joint project "The Integration of the Southern Baltic Sea Region into the Old Reich 1555-1806" of the Universities of Greifswald, [[University of Kiel|Kiel]] and [[Augsburg University|Augsburg]]. The following two years until 2001 he worked on the project "Judicial activity, personnel structures and politically relevant jurisdiction at the Wismar Tribunal 1653-1806" at the Chair of General History of the Modern Era at the [[University of Greifswald]], funded by the [[Fritz Thyssen Foundation]]. He then moved to the [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main]] as a [[postdoctoral researcher]] for fifteen months. Between 2002 and 2004 he worked as a scholarship holder of the [[German Research Foundation]] at the University of Greifswald in research and teaching.<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Cspfol Vita auf der website des Archivs der Hansestadt Wismar] (retrieved November 2019)</ref>

Since October 2004 Jörn has been working at the archive of the Hanseatic city Wismar. Initially, he worked as a research assistant on the [[inventory]] and evaluation of the trial records of the , and since 2012 he has been head of the archive. Since 2006, Jörn has been a member of the board of the and the .<ref>[https://ift.tt/2q0M5AT Vita auf der Website der Historischen Kommission für Pommern (auf der Seite anklicken)] (abgerufen am November 2014)</ref> and since 2008 member of the board of the , also a member of the , founding president of the David Mevius Society and member of the board of the Association of Friends and Sponsors of the Archive of the Hanseatic City of Wismar.

Together with the Greifswald historian [[Dirk Alvermann]], Jörn publishes the Biographical Encyclopaedia for Pomerania.<ref>Homepage des Verlages Böhlau: https://ift.tt/2WZxWjn>

As author, editor and co-author he is involved in numerous publications.<ref>[https://ift.tt/2Q2y68d Liste seiner Veröffentlichungen auf der Website des Archivs der Hansestadt Wismar] (abgerufen am November 2014)</ref>

== References ==


== External links ==
*






[[Category:20th-century German historians]]
[[Category:21st-century German historians]]
[[Category:German archivists]]
[[Category:University of Greifswald alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bergen auf Rügen]]

November 10, 2019 at 06:54AM

Iraqi Forces Push Protesters Back to Main Square, Kill Five 

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Iraqi Forces Push Protesters Back to Main Square, Kill Five 

Iraqi security forces killed at least five people Saturday as they pushed protesters back toward their main camp in central Baghdad using live ammunition, tear gas and sound bombs, police and medics said. 

The clashes wounded scores more people and put security forces back in control of all except one major bridge linking the Iraqi capital's eastern residential and business districts to government headquarters across the Tigris river. 

The government promised reforms aimed at ending the crisis. Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi said Saturday that political parties had "made mistakes" in their running of the country, recognized the legitimacy of protest to bring about political change and pledged electoral reform. 

Mass protests began at Tahrir Square in Baghdad on Oct. 1 as demonstrators demanded jobs and services, and rallies have swelled in the capital and southern cities with calls for an overhaul of the sectarian political system. 

It is the biggest and most complex challenge in years to the political order set up after a U.S.-led invasion that toppled dictator Saddam Hussein in 2003. 

Members of Iraqi security forces are seen during the ongoing anti-government protests in Basra, Iraq November 9, 2019. REUTERS…
Members of the Iraqi security forces are seen during anti-government protests in Basra, Iraq, Nov. 9, 2019.

Political class vs. jobless youths

Iraq, exhausted by decades of conflict and sanctions, had enjoyed relative calm after Islamic State was defeated in 2017. 

But the government has been unable to find an answer to the current round of unrest, which pits the entire political class against mostly unemployed youths who have seen no improvement in their lives, even in peacetime. 

Despite government pledges of reform, security forces have used lethal force since the start and killed more than 280 people across the country. 

On Saturday, forces drove protesters back from some of the bridges they had tried to occupy during the week and toward Tahrir Square, the main gathering point for demonstrators. 

The protesters still hold a portion of the adjacent Jumhuriya Bridge, where they have erected barricades in a standoff with police. 

But demonstrators fear the next police target will be Tahrir Square and Jumhuriya Bridge. Fresh clashes erupted after nightfall near Tahrir Square, with the sound of tear gas and stun grenades being fired echoing around central Baghdad, as it had nightly for the past week two weeks. 

"Police have retaken almost the entire area up ahead of us. They're advancing and my guess is tonight they'll try to take Tahrir," said one protester, who gave his name only as Abdullah.  

Gas bombs

On Saturday, some demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails toward security forces at another bridge, and young men took unlit homemade petrol bombs up a tall building nearby, preparing for further clashes. 

At a nearby makeshift clinic, volunteer medic Manar Hamad said she had helped treat dozens of wounded on Saturday alone. 

"Many get hit by shrapnel from sound bombs, and others choke on tear gas or are hit directly by gas canisters. People have died that way," she said as live gunfire rang out and ambulance sirens wailed. 

Police and medics said five people were shot to death and more than 140 wounded in Baghdad on Saturday. A Reuters cameraman saw one man carried away by medical volunteers after a tear gas canister struck him directly in the head. 

A still image taken from a video shows Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul-Mahdi delivering a speech on reforms ahead of planned…
A still image taken from a video shows Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi delivering a speech on reforms ahead of planned protest, in Baghdad, Iraq October 25, 2019. IRAQIYA TV via REUTERS TV IRAQ OUT.

As the violence flared, Abdul Mahdi issued a statement that appeared to take a more conciliatory tone and urged a return to normal life after weeks of unrest that have cost the country tens of millions of dollars, although crucial oil exports have not been affected. 

"Political forces and parties are important institutions in any democratic system, and have made great sacrifices, but they've also made many mistakes," he said. 

He said protests were a legitimate engine of political change but urged demonstrators not to interrupt "normal life." 

Weapons ban

Abdul Mahdi promised electoral reform and said authorities would ban possession of weapons by nonstate armed groups who have been accused of killing protesters, and that there would be investigations into demonstrator deaths. 

His remarks came a day after Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, Iraq's powerful senior Shiite Muslim cleric, urged politicians to seek a peaceful way out of the crisis and held security forces accountable for avoiding further violence. 

In southern Iraq, operations resumed at Umm Qasr commodities 
port, a port official said, after it was closed for nearly 10 days while protesters blocked its entrances. 

Umm Qasr receives imports of grain, vegetable oils and sugar shipments that feed a country largely dependent on imported 
food. 

Authorities in downtown Basra, Iraq's oil-rich second city, erected a security perimeter, preventing protesters from gathering on Saturday, after two people were killed there on Friday in clashes between protesters and security forces. 

The Kuwaiti Consulate in Basra said it was withdrawing its staff from the city, amid the deteriorating security situation, a consular official said. 


November 10, 2019 at 06:25AM

Australian boxer, 27, dies after freak training accident, team says

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Australian boxer, 27, dies after freak training accident, team says A popular Australian boxer unexpectedly died over the weekend during a sparring session with another local fighter, his team confirmed Saturday. 
November 10, 2019 at 04:31AM

'Lost Boy' of Sudan Wins New York State District Councilor Seat

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'Lost Boy' of Sudan Wins New York State District Councilor Seat

He was once called a Lost Boy but today, his official title is Councilor-Elect.

Chol Majok won the 3rd District Common Council seat in Syracuse, New York, this week, becoming the first former refugee in city history to do so, according to Onondaga County's Board of Elections.

"One of the things that I am certain about is when you are not at the table where policy and decisions are being made, you are not counted, you are not part of that narrative," said Majok.

Majok arrived in Syracuse 18 years ago with other Lost Boys of Sudan -- a group of 20,000 boys who were displaced or orphaned during the second Sudanese civil war in which about 2 million were killed. He was 16 years old and anxious to begin building his life.

He lived in foster homes until he turned 18, and although he was there for just two years, he says the conditions he experienced in the system changed his life.

"They are conditions that people in a first world country should not be in. So coupled with where I came from and what I saw, I just wanted something different," he said.

Chol Majok is pictured with his wife and children in a photo from his Facebook campaign page.

Syracuse's poverty rate is among the highest in the United States. About 32.6% of the population lives below the poverty line, according the latest figures by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Crime, gun violence and high poverty rates once again became part of his reality in his newly adopted country.

 "As somebody that came from that conditions you ask yourself, what is going on here. It seems like everywhere I go there is this poverty that never separates from me and its only right to say you know what I can't just stand by and watch, let me try to be part of the solution," said Majok.

Majok's mother died when he was 2 years old. His father, who died during the war, fought for the Sudan People's Liberation Army which was originally founded as a guerrilla movement against the government of Sudan in 1983 and was a key participant in the war.  

Now a husband and father of five, Majok earned a Master's degree in Political Science and is now pursuing a doctorate in Executive Leadership.

A seat on the council is considered a part time job, so Majok says he will continue with his other work with Alliance for Economic Inclusion, an employment program that helps people find and keep their jobs by offering services like transportation, child care or interpersonal skills.

Onondaga County Elections Commissioner Dustin Czarny said Majok's win is "going to be a boon for the growing refugee community here in central New York and specifically the city of Syracuse."

"They see this as a victory for them and they now have a voice on the city council that will cater to their specific needs," said Czarny.

Majok plans to focus on service delivery in Syracuse, particularly with snow plowing. But he says he also wants to be a bridge between law enforcement and the community, who he says doesn't have trust with police officers.

He says he also hopes his win will inspire other immigrants.

"I didn't realize that when I got into the race until toward the end of it when so many of my brother and sisters start calling everywhere and just encouraged me to keep going. Then I realized it was bigger than me," he said.

 


November 09, 2019 at 11:57PM

Germany, Allies Mark 30 Years Since Berlin Wall Fell

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Germany, Allies Mark 30 Years Since Berlin Wall Fell

Germany marked the 30th anniversary Saturday of the opening of the Berlin Wall, a pivotal moment in the events that brought down Communism in eastern Europe.

Leaders from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic attended a ceremony at Bernauer Strasse — where one of the last parts of the Berlin Wall remains — before placing roses in gaps in the once-fearsome barrier that divided the city for 28 years.

Axel Klausmeier, head of the Berlin Wall memorial site, recalled the images of delirious Berliners from East and West crying tears of joy as they hugged each other on the evening of Nov. 9, 1989.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel arrives with a rose at a ceremony marking the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, in Berlin, Germany, Nov. 9, 2019.

Klausmeier paid tribute to the peaceful protesters in East Germany and neighboring Warsaw Pact countries who took to the streets demanding freedom and democracy, and to then-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of reforms.

The protests and a stream of people fleeing East Germany piled pressure on the country's Communist government to open its borders to the West and ultimately end the nation's post-war division.

Thirty years on, Germany has become the most powerful economic and political force on the continent, but there remain deep misgivings among some in the country about how the transition from socialism to capitalism was managed.

From right, the presidents of Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Hungary Janos Ader, Poland Andrzej Duda, Slovakia Zuzana Caputova and of the Czech Republic Milos Zeman, are seen at Berlin Wall ceremony, in Berlin, Germany, Nov. 9, 2019.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel acknowledged this in a recent interview with daily Sueddeutsche Zeitung, saying that "with some things, where one might have thought that East and West would have aligned, one can see today that it might rather take half a century or more."

Speaking at a memorial service in a small chapel near where the Wall once stood, Merkel commemorated those who were killed or imprisoned for trying to flee from East to West Germany and insisted that the fight for freedom worldwide isn't over.

"The Berlin Wall, ladies and gentlemen, is history and it teaches us: No wall that keeps people out and restricts freedom is so high or so wide that it can't be broken down," she said.

Merkel also recalled that Nov. 9 remains a fraught date in German history, as it also marks the anniversary of the so-called Night of Broken Glass, an anti-Jewish pogrom in 1938 that foreshadowed the Nazi's Holocaust.

Light installations, concerts and public debates were planned throughout the city and other parts of Germany to mark the fall of the Wall, including a concert at Berlin's iconic Brandenburg Gate.
 


November 09, 2019 at 09:30PM

Longford Courthouse

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Longford Courthouse

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[[File:Longford Courthouse.jpg|thumb]]
'''Longford Courthouse''' is a judicial facility in Main Street, [[Longford]], [[County Longford]], Ireland.

==History==
The building, which has a [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style]] porch, was completed in around 1795.<ref></ref> The building was originally used as a facility for dispensing justice but, following the implementation of the [[Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898]], which established county councils in every county, it also became the meeting place for [[Longford County Council]].<ref></ref> A county secretary's office was subsequently established in Dublin Road.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> After the Court Service ceased using the building in 1994, due to its state of disrepair, it was extensively refurbished in the early 2000s.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

==References==



[[Category:Buildings and structures in County Longford]]
[[Category:Courthouses in the Republic of Ireland]]

November 09, 2019 at 09:08PM

News in hindi

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News in hindinews hindi, न्यूज़, today news in hindi
November 09, 2019 at 02:00PM

Harry Keen

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Harry Keen

97198: create


'''Harry Keen''' (3 September 1925 – 5 April 2013)<ref name=indep>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> was an English [[diabetologist]] and a professor of [[human metabolism]] at [[Guy's Hospital]]. He was the first to identify [[microalbuminuria]] as a predictor of kidney disease in diabetics, and was an international authority on diabetes.

==Early life==
Keen was born in 1925 in London to Sydney Keen, a tailor, and Esther (née Zenober), a teacher who had migrated to the United Kingdom from Poland. He attended St Ann's School in [[Hanwell]] and [[Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College|Ealing County Grammar School for Boys]].<ref name=munk></ref> He studied medicine at [[St Mary's Hospital Medical School]], graduating on 5 July 1948, the day that the [[National Health Service]] (NHS) was established.<ref name=indep/>

==Career==
Keen began his medical career as a house officer at London's [[West Middlesex Hospital]] in 1948–49. He then enlisted in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]], serving for two years in [[Suez]], Egypt. He returned to London in 1951, taking up a post at [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St Mary's Hospital]] under [[George Pickering (physician)|George Pickering]].<ref name=munk/> Keen assisted Pickering over several years on a large project studying [[hypertension]] in patients with [[diabetes]] and their first-degree relatives. In 1953, he began collaborating with [[Robert Daniel Lawrence]], who headed the diabetes clinic at [[King's College Hospital]], and spent seven years there studying diabetes and its long-term complications.<ref name=diab></ref> He travelled to [[Bethesda, Maryland]], in 1960 for a year-long research fellowship at the [[National Institutes of Health]],<ref name=munk/> where he experimented with [[insulin]] assays and early attempts to isolate [[pancreatic islets]].<ref name=epid></ref>

When Keen returned to London from the United States in 1961, he was hired as a lecturer by [[Guy's Hospital]] and its associated medical school, where he would spend the rest of his career.<ref name=diab/> In 1962, he conducted the Beford Survey, in which every adult in [[Bedford]] was asked to provide a urine sample in order to study the population prevalence of diabetes. The study led to the first definition of [[prediabetes]], which Keen called "borderline diabetes", and demonstrated the relationship between [[glucose intolerance]] and [[cardiovascular disease]] at a population level. He and his colleagues became the first, in 1964, to show that trace amounts of the protein [[albumin]] in urine could predict kidney disease in diabetes, which is now the basis for routine kidney screen in diabetic patients.<ref name=indep/> With the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], he conducted the Whitehall Survey in 1969,<ref name=guardian>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> which led to the creation of different glucose thresholds for [[microvascular disease|microvascular]] and [[macrovascular disease]].<ref name=bmj></ref> He also pioneered the concept of the [[insulin pump]], which delivers insulin continuously to [[type 1 diabetes|type 1 diabetics]] who are reliant on insulin.<ref name=guardian/> In 1971, he was appointed professor of [[human metabolism]] at Guy's.<ref name=diab/> He established one of the UK's first diabetes centres at Guy's Hospital.<ref></ref>

Keen chaired the 1980 and 1985 [[World Health Organisation]] expert committees on diabetes.<ref name=diab/> He was involved in the [[St. Vincent Declaration]] of 1989, which set international goals and benchmarks for diabetes care.<ref name=bmj/> He retired from medicine in 1990, becoming professor emeritus at [[King's College London]].<ref name=diab/>

==Awards and honours==
Keen chaired the [[British Diabetic Association]] between 1990 and 1996 and was appointed honorary president of the [[International Diabetes Federation]] in 1991. He was awarded a [[CBE]] and the first United Nations/UNESCO Hellmut Mehnert Award for the Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications in 1998.<ref name=indep/> He received the [[American Diabetes Association]]'s Kelly M West Award and Harold Rifkin Award for Distinguished International Service in the Cause of Diabetes in 1989 and 1992 respectively.<ref name=diab/>

==Personal life==
Keen married Anna "Nan" Miliband, the sister of sociologist [[Ralph Miliband]], in 1953; they had a son and a daughter. He was an uncle by marriage to [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] politicians [[Ed Miliband]] and [[David Miliband]].<ref name=munk/>

==References==



[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:British diabetologists]]
[[Category:English medical researchers]]
[[Category:Physicians of Guy's Hospital]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Mary's Hospital Medical School]]
[[Category:People educated at Ealing County Grammar School for Boys]]

November 09, 2019 at 08:21PM

County Hall, Longford

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County Hall, Longford

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'''County Hall''' () is a municipal facility in [[Longford]], [[County Longford]], Ireland.

==History==
The site currently occupied by County Hall was formerly used as a fowl market.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Previously a county secretary's office for [[Longford County Council]] had been established in Dublin Road,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> but all county administration was moved to modern facilities at the new County Hall in Great Water Street in 1992.<ref></ref>

==References==




[[Category:Buildings and structures in County Longford]]
[[Category:County halls in the Republic of Ireland|Longford]]

November 09, 2019 at 08:19PM

遂にGoogleが最強のゲームシステムStadia発売へ!iPhoneでもiPadでも利用可能

遂にGoogleが最強のゲームシステムStadia発売へ!iPhoneでもiPadでも利用可能


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1980年代〜2000年代まで実に多くのゲーム機ハードが生まれては消えて言ったのですが、最近は人気の大手しかハードを出さなくなってきており、スマホの普及 ...
November 09, 2019 at 05:48PM

News in Hindi

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News in Hindinews hindi
November 09, 2019 at 02:00PM

Today news in hindi

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Today news in hindi
November 09, 2019 at 02:00PM

Judge Judy tells Bill Maher that Michael Bloomberg can unite 'fractured American family'

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Judge Judy tells Bill Maher that Michael Bloomberg can unite 'fractured American family' "Judge Judy" Sheindlin made the case for a Michael Bloomberg presidency Friday night during her debut appearance on "Real Time with Bill Maher," arguing that the billionaire former mayor of New York City is the "only" candidate who can bring civility back to the country. 
November 09, 2019 at 01:33PM

US Health Officials Make 'Breakthrough' in Mysterious Vaping Illness

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US Health Officials Make 'Breakthrough' in Mysterious Vaping Illness

U.S. health officials say they have found the likely cause of a mysterious illness in people who smoke e-cigarettes, describing the findings as a "breakthrough."

Anne Schuchat of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that a compound known as vitamin E acetate is a "very strong culprit" in the search for the cause of the mysterious lung disease.

Schuchat, who is the CDC's principal deputy director, said the compound was found in fluid samples taken from the lungs of 29 patients across the country who were diagnosed with the vaping illness.

"We are in a better place in terms of having one very strong culprit," she said.

Schuchat cautioned that more work needs to be done to confirm that vitamin E acetate causes lung damage when inhaled, and said there could still be other toxic substances in e-cigarettes that lead to lung disease.

More than 2,000 Americans who smoke e-cigarettes have gotten sick since March, and at least 40 of them have died.

File - In this Aug. 28, 2019, file photo, a man exhales while smoking an e-cigarette in Portland, Maine.

Health officials say that vitamin E is safe as a vitamin pill or to use on the skin, but that inhaling it can be harmful.  

The compound is sometimes used as a thickener in vaping fluid, especially in black market vape cartridges and those containing THC — the component of marijuana that gets people high.

E-cigarettes have been available in the United States for more than a decade. They work, in general, by using a battery to heat a liquid nicotine solution and turn it into an inhalable vapor.

While e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is addictive, they have been considered safer than traditional cigarettes because they do not contain tar or many of the other substances in traditional cigarettes that make them deadly.

Advocates of e-cigarettes say they are a powerful tool to help adult smokers quit smoking traditional cigarettes.

However, critics say that e-cigarettes are making a new generation addicted to nicotine. They also point out that the long-term health consequences of vaping are not known, and say that e-cigarettes could contain other potentially harmful substances, including chemicals used for flavoring and traces of metals.


November 09, 2019 at 11:33AM

Rotch

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Rotch

Animalparty: ←Created page with ''''Rotch''' is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Abbott Lawrence Rotch (1861–1912), American meteorologist *Arthur Rotch (1850–18...'


'''Rotch''' is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

*[[Abbott Lawrence Rotch]] (1861–1912), American meteorologist
*[[Arthur Rotch]] (1850–1894), American architect
*[[Edith Rotch]] (1874–1969), American tennis player
*[[Benjamin Rotch]] (1794–1854), British barrister, politician and author
*[[Francis J. Rotch]] (1863–1918), American politician from Washington State
*[[Francis M. Rotch]] (1822–1863), American politician from New York
*[[Thomas Morgan Rotch]] (1849–1914), American pediatrician

==See also==
*[[Roch (disambiguation)]]


November 09, 2019 at 01:40PM

Judge Judy tells Bill Maher that Michael Bloomberg can unite 'fractured American family'

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Judge Judy tells Bill Maher that Michael Bloomberg can unite 'fractured American family' "Judge Judy" Sheindlin made the case for a Michael Bloomberg presidency Friday night during her debut appearance on "Real Time with Bill Maher," arguing that the billionaire former mayor of New York City is the "only" candidate who can bring civility back to the country. 
November 09, 2019 at 01:33PM

Houston prosecutor fired after asking about crime victim's immigration status

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Houston prosecutor fired after asking about crime victim's immigration status A Houston prosecutor was fired Friday after he allegedly refused to bring charges against a man accused of attempted sexual assault because he believed the victim was living in the United States illegally.
November 09, 2019 at 12:34PM

US Health Officials Make 'Breakthrough' in Mysterious Vaping Illness

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US Health Officials Make 'Breakthrough' in Mysterious Vaping Illness

U.S. health officials say they have found the likely cause of a mysterious illness in people who smoke e-cigarettes, describing the findings as a "breakthrough."

Anne Schuchat of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that a compound known as vitamin E acetate is a "very strong culprit" in the search for the cause of the mysterious lung disease.

Schuchat, who is the CDC's principal deputy director, said the compound was found in fluid samples taken from the lungs of 29 patients across the country who were diagnosed with the vaping illness.

"We are in a better place in terms of having one very strong culprit," she said.

Schuchat cautioned that more work needs to be done to confirm that vitamin E acetate causes lung damage when inhaled, and said there could still be other toxic substances in e-cigarettes that lead to lung disease.

More than 2,000 Americans who smoke e-cigarettes have gotten sick since March, and at least 40 of them have died.

File - In this Aug. 28, 2019, file photo, a man exhales while smoking an e-cigarette in Portland, Maine.

Health officials say that vitamin E is safe as a vitamin pill or to use on the skin, but that inhaling it can be harmful.  

The compound is sometimes used as a thickener in vaping fluid, especially in black market vape cartridges and those containing THC — the component of marijuana that gets people high.

E-cigarettes have been available in the United States for more than a decade. They work, in general, by using a battery to heat a liquid nicotine solution and turn it into an inhalable vapor.

While e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is addictive, they have been considered safer than traditional cigarettes because they do not contain tar or many of the other substances in traditional cigarettes that make them deadly.

Advocates of e-cigarettes say they are a powerful tool to help adult smokers quit smoking traditional cigarettes.

However, critics say that e-cigarettes are making a new generation addicted to nicotine. They also point out that the long-term health consequences of vaping are not known, and say that e-cigarettes could contain other potentially harmful substances, including chemicals used for flavoring and traces of metals.


November 09, 2019 at 11:33AM

Friday, November 8, 2019

Jamie iredell

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Jamie iredell

Dewritech: added Category:Living people using HotCat


'''Jamie Iredell''' (b. 1976) is an American writer.

Iredell's work has been well-received. [[Publishers Weekly]] notes of ''I Was a Fat Drunk Catholic School Insomniac'', that it is "An entertaining and insightful collection often interested in the messy and difficult aspects of life."<ref>https://ift.tt/2Cs7PIu>

About ''Last Mass'', [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] writes, "An exemplary work of creative nonfiction in the vein of [[Maggie Nelson]]'s Argonauts."<ref>https://ift.tt/2qy1bh8>

About ''The Book of Freaks'', Nailed Magazine says "Iredell has produced an absolute masterpiece of the absurd and surreal – a faux-encyclopedia that contains pieces of everything and everyone you have ever encountered in your life."<ref>https://ift.tt/2WXVIfR>

His writing has drawn comparison to that of [[Cormac McCarthy]].<ref>https://ift.tt/2NtfH2E>.

== References ==


[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

November 09, 2019 at 06:47AM

Earth's mantle and crust are in a fiery battle to the death … of supercontinents

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Earth's mantle and crust are in a fiery battle to the death … of supercontinents Earth's hot, gooey center and its cold, hard outer shell are both responsible for the creeping (and sometimes catastrophic) movement of tectonic plates. But now new research reveals an intriguing balance of power — the oozing mantle creates supercontinents while the crust tears them apart. 
November 09, 2019 at 06:13AM

Whitney Houston first tried cocaine at age 14, claims pal Robyn Crawford in memoir

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Whitney Houston first tried cocaine at age 14, claims pal Robyn Crawford in memoir Whitney Houston's best friend Robyn Crawford is claiming that the late star's descent into drugs started when she was just a teen.
November 09, 2019 at 04:40AM

Trump to Pursue Higher Sales Age for E-Cigarettes

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Trump to Pursue Higher Sales Age for E-Cigarettes

President Donald Trump said Friday his administration will pursue raising the age to purchase electronic cigarettes from 18 to 21 in its upcoming plans to combat youth vaping. 

Trump told reporters his administration will release its final plans for restricting e-cigarettes next week but provided few other details. 
 
"We have to take care of our kids, most importantly, so we're going to have an age limit of 21 or so," said Trump, speaking outside the White House.

President Donald Trump speaks to reporters on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, Nov. 8, 2019.

Currently the minimum age to purchase any tobacco or vaping product is 18, under federal law. But more than one-third of U.S. states have already raised their sales age to 21. 
 
A federal law raising the purchase age would require congressional action.

Administration officials were widely expected to release plans this week for removing virtually all flavored e-cigarettes from the market. Those products are blamed for soaring rates of underage use by U.S. teenagers. 
 
However, no details have yet appeared, leading vaping critics to worry that the administration is backing away from its original plan.

Trump resisted any specifics on the scope of the restrictions.

"We're talking about the age, we're talking about flavors, we're also talking about keeping people working — there are some pretty good aspects," Trump said.

Mint flavor

Underage vaping has reached what health officials call epidemic levels. In the latest government survey, 1 in 4 high school students reported using e-cigarettes in the previous month.

FILE - A woman buys refills for her Juul at a smoke shop in New York, Dec. 20, 2018.

Fruit, candy, dessert and other sweet vaping flavors have been targeted because of their appeal to underage users. 
 
On Thursday, Juul Labs, the nation's largest e-cigarette maker, announced it would voluntarily pull its mint-flavored e-cigarettes from the market. That decision followed new research that Juul's mint is the top choice for many high school students who vape.

With the removal of mint, Juul only sells two flavors: tobacco and menthol. 
 
Vaping critics say menthol must be a part of the flavor ban to prevent teens who currently use mint from switching over.

'Tobacco 21' law

Juul and other tobacco companies have lobbied in support of a federal "Tobacco 21" law to reverse teen use of both e-cigarettes and traditional tobacco products. The effort also has broad bipartisan support in Congress, including a bill introduced by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.

The logic for hiking the purchase age for cigarettes and other products is clear: Most underage teens who use e-cigarettes or tobacco get it from older friends. Raising the minimum age to 21 is expected to limit the supply of those products in U.S. schools.

Delaying access to cigarettes is also expected to produce major downstream health benefits, with one government-funded report estimating nearly 250,000 fewer deaths due to tobacco over several decades. 
 
Still, anti-tobacco groups have insisted that any "Tobacco 21" law must be accompanied by a ban on flavors, which they say are the primary reason young people use e-cigarettes.
 


November 09, 2019 at 04:22AM

MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough slammed as ‘hypocrite’ for ‘faux-outrage rant’ against Sen. Kennedy

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MSNBC's Joe Scarborough slammed as 'hypocrite' for 'faux-outrage rant' against Sen. Kennedy MSNBC's "Morning Joe" namesake host Joe Scarborough was labeled a hypocrite who lacks self-awareness on Friday for attacking Louisiana Sen. John Kennedy's rhetoric.
November 09, 2019 at 04:17AM

(Im)migration Recap: Nov. 3-8

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(Im)migration Recap: Nov. 3-8

Editor's note: We want you to know what's happening, and why and how it could impact your life, family or business, so we created a weekly digest of the top original immigration, migration and refugee reporting from across VOA. Questions? Tips? Comments? Email the VOA immigration team: ImmigrationUnit@voanews.com.

Refugee restart

The U.S. refugee program resumed this week, after more than a month delay while the White House and Congress faced off over a dramatic cut to the number of refugees who will be admitted in the coming year. The final result? Largely what the Trump administration wanted.

Women take charge

If three's a trend, then U.S. Representative Ilhan Omar started it — two Somali-American women won local elections in separate U.S. cities this week, both of whom — like Omar — came to the country as refugees.

UNRWA shakeup
 
The head of the U.N. agency for Palestinian refugees resigned during an internal investigation into how he was running the organization. Pierre Krähenbühl stepped down as UNRWA also faces a funding struggle following a cut to contributions from the United States last year.

Border wall breaches

People are cutting through Trump's "virtually impenetrable" border wall, prying the metal rods enough to allow humans to pass through. These are parts of the barrier that replaced previous construction.

From the Feds

Polish nationals now have streamlined access to U.S. travel after being included in the Visa Waiver Program.

Two men were indicted this week in an alleged visa fraud ring that focused on South Koreans. More than 100 people paid the California-based suspects between $30,000 and $70,000 to come to the U.S., often with falsified documents.

 

 


November 09, 2019 at 02:46AM

Timeline of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

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Timeline of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

Vallee01: /* 9 October 2019 */


[[File:Barış Pınarı Hârekatı sonrası Resulayn (Serêkanî) bombalanıyor.jpg|right|300px|thumb|[[Ras al-Ayn]] bombing on 10 October 2019.]]

=== 9 October 2019 ===
The operationLiquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>}} began on 9 October 2019, with Turkish [[airstrike]]s and [[howitzer]]s targeting the [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]]-held towns of [[Tell Abyad]], [[Ras al-Ayn]] where thousands of people were reported to have fled the town,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> [[Ayn Issa]] and [[Qamishli]]. The start of the incursion was symbolic, as it was the 21st anniversary of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] leader [[Abdullah Öcalan]]'s expulsion from Syria in 1998 by the [[Presidency of Hafez al-Assad|government]] of [[Hafez al-Assad]].<ref name="aljazeera-all-the-latest-updates">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><small><ref name="Syria livemap">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="Southfront maps">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="Syrian civil war map">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref></small>

In response to the cross-border shelling, SDF's spokesman stated that Turkey was targeting civilians.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Six rockets were later launched at the Turkish city of [[Nusaybin]] as a response by the YPG, and two reportedly hit the Turkish town [[Ceylanpınar]].<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref> The SDF also announced in response to the start of the Turkish operation they would be halting anti-ISIL operations,<ref></ref> and that two civilians had been killed.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In response to the airstrikes, the SDF has called upon the United States to establish a no-fly zone over northern Syria.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

During the day, under pressure from Congressmen and public opinion, Trump sent a letter to Erdoğan proposing to make a deal, otherwise he would destroy the Turkish economy. Erdoğan took offense to the letter, reportedly throwing it in the trash.<ref></ref> The White House released the letter to the press on 16 October, receiving wide ridicule.<ref name=letter/><ref></ref>

====Ground offensive====
By the end of the day, the Turkish military announced that the ground phase of the operation had begun from three points including [[Tell Abyad]].<ref></ref>

==Post-ceasefire==

===Diplomatic relations===
In a press statement addressed to the SDF, the Syrian Defense Ministry announced that they will accept any unit who is willing to join the Syrian military in a joint effort to battle invading Turkish troops and the Turkish-supported Syrian rebels, and offers reconciliation to those not needed for security.<ref name=nw-scfu>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The Syrian Interior Ministry offered civil services across the northeast, as they described the difficult living conditions due to the Turkish-led incursion.<ref name=nw-scfu/> They also offered to integrate the Asayesh security forces of the SDF into the government's internal security agency.<ref name=nw-scfu/> The Syrian Education Ministry offered to support the children, as they described that children are deprived of schooling due to the unrest.<ref name=nw-scfu/>

In response, the SDF said that they appreciate the efforts to unify Syria's defense and repel the Turkish aggression but that "Our position was clear from the beginning, wherein uniting the ranks should begin from a political settlement that recognizes and preserves the exclusivity of the SDF and its structure, and creates a sound mechanism for restructuring the Syrian military establishment as an overarching framework for unifying efforts."<ref name=nw-scfu/>

===Situation around the safe zone===
On 31 October, the Turkish President Erdogan announces that the joint Turkish-Russian patrols in northeast Syria will begin on Friday.<ref name=al-etrp>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
On 1 November 2019, Turkish and Russian forces started joint patrol.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-russian-military-chiefs-discuss-syria-on-phone-148178]</ref>

There have been intermittent clashes between Syrian government troops and Turkish-backed forces around Ras al-Ain and Tal Tamr.<ref name=al-etrp/> Turkey has returned 18 Syrian government soldiers who were captured by Turkish-backed Syrian fighters south of Ras al-Ayn amidst growing tensions between Syria and Turkey. The Turkish Defense Ministry announced the handover on 1 November.<ref name="nytimes.com">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====31 October 2019====
The [[YPJ]] claimed that [[Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army|SNA]] attempted to reach the [[M4 Motorway (Syria)|M4 Highway]].<ref>https://twitter.com/DefenseUnitsYPJ/status/1189942495498657793</ref>

SNA shelled the village of [[Tal-al ward]] resulting in the deaths of 2 civilians and injuring an additional 5.<ref>https://ift.tt/34H6I3F> Small skirmishes occurred in the western side of Tal Al-ward between forces of the SAA, SDF and SNA.<ref>https://ift.tt/2PYQjn3>

Turkish jets targeted a convoy carrying journalists heading from [[Cizire]] to [[Ras al-Ayn]], 14 people are reported to have been killed and 76 injured.<ref>https://twitter.com/anfenglish/status/1183370568701300736</ref> Regime forces arrived at [[Tell Tamer]] from [[Hasaka]] along with heavy equipment to reinforce the joint SDF-SAA [[Front (military)|front]].<ref>https://twitter.com/NPA_English/status/1189910795179745281</ref> Later regime forces withdrew from the villages of Temir, Zirgan and Dirbesiye following [[bombardment]] from SNA.<ref>https://ift.tt/2NryjA5>

US reinforcements arrived at Sarin Base including 17 armored vehicles and 82 trucks.<ref>https://ift.tt/33weSvz>

The SDF began a [[counter-offensive]] around Tall Tamr.<ref>https://ift.tt/36Ockec>

[[2019 Tell Abyad bombing]]: On November 2, a [[car bomb]] attack killed at least 13 civilians in [[Tell Abyad]], 2 weeks after its capture from SDF. Turkey and SNA accuse the SDF as responsible for the attack.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>https://ift.tt/2p46VPm> The SDF responded in a press statement stating: "We believe this is the work of the Turkish state and their intelligence and mercenaries to frighten and terrorize the local people"<ref>https://ift.tt/2NszcbM>

=== 10 October 2019 ===
[[File:Rojava solidarity demonstration Berlin 2019-10-10 22.jpg|thumb|Protest against Turkey's military offensive on 10 October 2019]]
Before dawn on the morning of 10 October 2019, the Turkish military officially began the ground offensive against the SDF; they also announced they had hit 181 targets in northern Syria, and 14,000 rebels backed by Turkey, including [[Ahrar al-Sharqiya]] rebel group,<ref name="rebelgroups">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> [[Sultan Murad Division]], and [[Hamza Division (Aleppo)|Hamza Division]], are also taking part in the Turkish-led offensive.<ref name="rebelgroups"/> According to a research paper published this October by the pro-government Turkish think tank [[Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research|SETA]], "Out of the 28 factions [in the [[Syrian National Army]]], 21 were previously supported by the United States, three of them via the Pentagon's program to combat DAESH. Eighteen of these factions were supplied by the [[CIA]] via the MOM Operations Room in Turkey, a joint intelligence operation room of the 'Friends of Syria' to support the armed opposition. Fourteen factions of the 28 were also recipients of the U.S.-supplied [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] anti-tank guided missiles."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The SDF said they repelled a Turkish advance into Tell Abyad.<ref name="aljazeera-all-the-latest-updates" /> Later during the day, clashes reportedly broke out between the SDF and Turkish-aligned forces near [[al-Bab]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish-led forces made advances around the area of Tell Abyad and captured the villages of Tabatin and Al-Mushrifah.<ref></ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) By nightfall Turkish Armed Forces declared control of 11 villages. As fighting went on around Tell Abyad, the Syrian National Army announced it captured the villages of Mishrifah, Al-Hawi, Barzan, Haj Ali and a farm east of the city.<ref name="Kaynagi-1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) During Turkish air strikes during the fighting, SDF stated that the Turkish air force hit a prison that was holding captured ISIL fighters.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref> Turkish media reported in the late evening that 174 SDF fighters were killed, wounded or captured.<ref name="174YPG"></ref>

Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated that day that 109 SDF fighters had been killed in the operation as well as an unspecified number of fighters wounded and captured. In a speech to lawmakers from Erdoğan's [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]], the Turkish president also threatened to flood Europe with 3.6 million refugees if European nations continued to criticize the military operation, in particular if they labelled it an invasion.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

70,000 people have fled from border towns in the SDF following Turkish bombardment.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

According to Turkey's [[Ministry of National Defence (Turkey)|Ministry of National Defence]], one Turkish soldier was killed by the YPG.<ref name="The Washington Post">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

=== 11 October 2019 ===
[[File:Bilateral Meeting with the President of the Republic of Turkey DOD 107329889-1920x1080-6221k-5da7520eee3fb.webm|thumb|NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] meets with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].]]
[[File:Senior DOD Officials Brief Pentagon Reporters October 11 2019 DOD 107330665-5da66f39a5a97.webm|thumb|Senior [[Department of defense]] officials brief Pentagon reporters, 11 October 2019.]]
[[File:Joint Press Conference by NATO Secretary General and Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs DOD 107329879-5da666b943e39.webm|thumb|Joint press conference by NATO Secretary General and Turkish minister of foreign affairs [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]], 11 October 2019.]]
Two journalists were wounded in [[Nusaybin]], when the building they were filming from came under fire from [[Qamishli]] across the border by SDF fighters. The incident was broadcast live on Turkish TV channels, according to Turkish sources.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Three civilians were killed in [[Suruc]] by SDF shelling.<ref></ref><ref name="auto2"></ref> In response to the attack, Turkey shelled YPG positions in [[Kobani]], across the border from Suruç.<ref></ref> Eight more civilians were killed later in the day in [[Nusaybin]] and 35 were injured by SDF mortar attack, raising the total civilians killed by SDF shelling in Turkey to 18, according to Turkish sources.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Seven civilians were killed in Syria by Turkish forces in the Tal Abyad area including three killed by Turkish snipers according to [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

As reported on this day, according to the Turkish Ministry of National Defence, a total of 399 SDF fighters were killed, captured or wounded since the start of the Turkish military operation.<ref name=399neutralized></ref>

The Syrian National Army stated to have taken the village of Halawa which is southeast of Tell Abyad.<ref name="Kaynagi-2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> TAF and SNA announced the capture of [[Tell Halaf]] later in the day and released a video from inside the town.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

In the city of [[Qamishli]], a suspected ISIL car bomb killed five civilians, while a reported Turkish artillery strike hit a nearby prison, and five suspected ISIL members, previously detained in SDF custody, escaped according to SDF.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

In the city of [[Kobanî]], the area immediately around a U.S. special forces base experienced heavy shelling by Turkish artillery; the U.S. troops did not retaliate, but withdrew after the shelling ended. Turkey responded by denying that it targeted the U.S. base, instead stating that it had fired upon SDF positions.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] further raised concerns that the [[Turkish Land Forces|Turkish Army]] deliberately "bracketed" US Forces stationed in Kobanî with artillery fire.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> According to Turkish Defense Minister, the mortar attack targeting the town of [[Suruç]] earlier in the day was deliberately launched 1000&nbsp;meters from the US base in Kobanî by SDF to avoid Turkish retaliation and the attack was in response.<ref></ref>

On the same day, [[Jaysh al-Islam]] announced it would be joining the offensive on the side of Turkey from their bases in areas in Afrin and Northern Aleppo.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The [[BBC]] reported that 100,000 people have fled their homes in northern Syria. The [[Kurdish Red Crescent]] (''Heyva Sor'') said there had been 11 confirmed civilian deaths so far. Turkey's military confirmed a soldier's death, and said three others had been wounded.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
[[File:Barış Pınarı Harekatı sonrası Suriye Demokratik Güçleri tarafından terkedilmiş bir kontrol noktası.jpg|thumb|Smoke rises after Turkish airstrikes on the Syrian town of [[Ras al-Ayn]] on 11 October]]
Turkey's Ministry of National Defence announced that three more soldiers had been killed by the YPG, two of which were killed in a mortar attack on a Turkish military base in a [[Turkish occupation of northern Syria|Turkish-occupied]] part of Syria. This brought the total amount of Turkish soldiers killed in the operation to four.<ref name="The Washington Post"/> The SOHR reported that the actual number of Turkish soldiers killed in the operation was six.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Later in the day, the SOHR reported that at least 12 Turkish border guards were either killed or wounded in a confrontation with the SDF in Kobanî.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

On this day, the Iranian-Kurdish [[Grammy Award|grammy winning]] artist [[Kayhan Kalhor]] canceled his Istanbul concert to protest the Turkish offensive.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":4">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":5">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> He announced the cancelation in a concert in [[Royal Albert Hall]]. He finished the concert with a Kurdish lullaby that was devoted to Kurdish children.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

=== 12 October 2019 ===
Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army said they reached the [[M4 Motorway (Syria)|M4 highway]], deep into Syrian territory and effectively cutting the supply line between [[Manbij]] and [[Qamishli]].<ref></ref> SNA also said they captured 18 villages close to M4 highway in eastern Raqqah.<ref></ref>

Turkish interior minister [[Süleyman Soylu]] announced that nearly 300 mortar shells had been fired at [[Mardin Province]] by the SDF since the start of the operation.<ref></ref>

Around 12:00 ([[UTC+03:00]]), the TAF and SNA stated they had captured [[Ras al-Ayn]],<ref></ref><ref></ref> but the SDF denied that Turkey had taken control of the city.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Turkish-backed members of Islamist militia [[Ahrar al-Sharqiya]] executed [[Hevrin Khalaf]], Secretary General of the Future Syria Party. Nine civilians, including Khalaf, were executed by the Ahrar al-Sharqiya fighters at a roadblock on the M4 highway south of Tal Abyad.<ref name=wapo-film>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish news source Yeni Safak reported that Khalaf was "neutralized" in a "successful operation" against a politician affiliated with a "terrorist" organization.<ref name=wapo-film/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Her execution was widely described by Western sources as a [[war crime]] under [[international law]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> A spokesman for [[Ahrar al-Sharqiya]] meanwhile announced that she was killed for being "an agent for U.S. intelligence."<ref></ref>

A Belincat video solidly traces the killings to rebels backed by Turkey Ahrar al-Sharqiya.<ref name="bellingcat1031">https://ift.tt/2X1q68X>

=== 13 October 2019 ===
[[File:Mortar Bullet Hits House in Akcakale, Turkey on Syria Border.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:17|Video from [[Voice of America]] Turkish service shows a residential building hit by a mortar shell in the southeastern Turkish city of [[Akcakale]], near the Syria–Turkey border, 13 October]]

Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army announced the capture of the town of [[Suluk, Syria|Suluk]], located in [[Tell Abyad District]], in the early morning.<ref></ref> The SOHR confirmed that the Turkish forces and SNA had taken full control of Suluk, and clashes were nearing towards [[Ayn Issa]]. The SOHR also reported that pro-Turkish forces had targeted an ambulance in the Tell Abyad area which remains missing.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The SOHR also reported that the SDF was able to regain almost all control over the contested city of [[Ras al-Ayn]] after a [[counterattack]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

==== Tall Abyad captured and M4 highway cut by Turkey and SNA ====
Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army announced in the afternoon they had captured the center of [[Tell Abyad]].<ref></ref> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army fully captured [[Tall Abyad]] late in the afternoon according to the SOHR.<ref name="auto5">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army also cut the M4 highway according to SOHR.<ref name="auto5"/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish sources also reported that SDF shelling towards [[Jarablus]] had killed 2 Syrian civilians.<ref></ref>

In light of the pro-Turkish forces advance on [[Ayn Issa]], the SDF stated that 785 [[ISIL]]-linked people had escaped from a [[detention camp]] in the area, SDF also stated the escapees received assistance of the pro-Turkish forces and Turkish [[airstrike]]s.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In contrast, Turkey stated that the SDF released ISIL prisoners at the [[Tell Abyad]] prison before the arrival of Turkish forces.<ref name="auto6"></ref> This statementLiquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) was supported by U.S. President Donald Trump, but opposed by senior U.S. officials who stated that Turkish-backed [[Free Syrian Army]] (FSA) forces were the ones freeing ISIL prisoners.<ref name="auto10"></ref><ref name="auto9">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

[[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Mark Esper]] said that US was planning to evacuate all 1,000 remaining soldiers from northern Syria.<ref></ref> US also informed SDF of its intention to withdraw from military bases in [[Manbij]] and [[Kobanî]] and had already evacuated from [[Ayn Issa]] according to SOHR and the ''[[Washington Post]]''.<ref></ref>

====Syrian government–SDF deal====
Shortly after the capture of [[Tall Abyad]] by Turkey and SNA, a deal between the Syrian government and SDF was reached whereby the Syrian Army would be allowed to enter the towns of [[Kobanî]] and [[Manbij]] in order to deter a possible Turkish military offensive in those areas.<ref name="auto1"/>

Later an advisor to leader of [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], Yasin Aktay, said there could be conflict between the two armies, if the Syrian government tries to enter northeastern Syria.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

SDF commander-in-chief [[Mazloum Abdi]] said he was willing to ally with the Syrian government for the sake of saving the Kurdish population in Northern Syria from what he called a genocide.<ref></ref>

=== 14 October 2019 ===
[[Russia]]n and [[Syria]]n forces were reported to have been deployed at the [[front line]] between areas controlled by the [[Manbij Military Council]] and [[Euphrates Shield]] groups respectively, with further deployments to take place along the Syrian-Turkish border. In addition, the SOHR reported that the U.S. forces in the region were attempting to hinder the Russian and Syrian deployments in the region.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The SOHR reported that violent clashes had continued in [[Ras al-Ayn|Ras Al-Ayn]] and its countryside at the border strip, where the Turkish forces were attempting to encircle the city completely and to cut off the road between Ras Al-Ayn and [[Tell Tamer|Tal Tamr]], under a cover of artillery shelling and airstrikes with the purpose of taking control of the city by 15 October.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish aerial and ground bombardment were reported to have occurred in the border town [[Al-Darbasiyah|Al-Darbasiyyah]] targeting civilian houses which caused 4 reported injuries of [[Medic|medical personnel]] as per the SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] told a press conference that Turkey had received a positive response from Russia on [[Kobani]] and that Turkey was at the execution phase of its [[Manbij]] decision.<ref name="auto"></ref> Turkish Armed forces deployed additional troops to Manbij frontline as of the previous night according to Turkish sources.<ref></ref> Turkish Minister of National Defence [[Hulusi Akar]] said that [[Tal Abyad]] and [[Ras al-Ayn]] were under Turkish control and that works were ongoing for the whole region.<ref></ref>

The Syrian Army reportedly deployed to the town of [[Al-Thawrah]],<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> as well as [[Ayn Issa]], [[Tell Tamer]] and as close as 6&nbsp;km from the [[Syria–Turkey border]].<ref name="xinhuanet.com"/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="timesofisrael.com"/> It also took over the 93rd Brigade Headquarters just south of Ayn Issa, as well as [[Al-Jarniyah]] to the east of the [[Euphrates]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) المصدر نيوز|language=en-US|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> The Syrian Army further reported taking control of the [[Tabqa Dam]]. The [[Syrian flag#Flag used by the Syrian Government|Syrian flag]] was reportedly raised for the first time in years in several towns and villages in the [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]], such as the city of [[Al-Yaarubiyah]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>

[[Jarabulus Military Council]] was reportedly to have targeted a vehicle south of [[Jarabulus]] by a [[guided missile]] leaving 2 persons dead in conjunction with an assassination that targeted members of Turkey-loyal factions south of [[Azaz]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army launched a military operation to capture [[Manbij]] in the late afternoon.<ref></ref> Turkish Armed Forces and Syrian National Army captured 3 villages in the Manbij countryside shortly after the launch of the operation according to Turkish sources.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> At the same time, Syrian state media stated that the Syrian Army had started entering the town.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====Anouncement of total U.S. withdrawal from northeastern Syria====

Later in the day, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that all U.S. personnel would withdraw from Syria except those in [[Al-Tanf (U.S. military base)|Al-Tanf base]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

=== 15 October 2019 ===
The [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]] reported that a counterattack was carried out by the [[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]] in the outskirts and western countryside of [[Ras al-Ayn]] city, and managed to achieve an advancement in the area recovering 3 areas lost previously.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

2 civilians were killed and 12 were wounded in [[Kızıltepe]], Turkey after an SDF mortar attack according to Turkish sources.<ref name="auto8"/>

Turkish President Erdoğan, speaking at the [[Turkic Council]] in [[Baku]], said: "We are now announcing the establishment of a safe area 444km from west to east and 32km from north to south, to which the refugees in our country will return."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> President Erdoğan also said a total of had been captured by TAF and SNA since the start of the operation.<ref></ref> President Erdoğan also said a Turkish soldier was killed in Manbij by Syrian Army artillery fire and that there was an intense retaliatory fire for the attack which made the regime pay a heavy price.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Syrian Army forces started entering the town of [[Manbij]] according to SOHR,<ref name="auto4"/> but were blocked by US troops when trying to enter [[Kobani]] according to SOHR, which resulted in the convoy's return to Manbij.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Syrian Army forces also entered [[Al-Thawrah]] according to Syrian government media.<ref name="auto3"/> Later, Erdoğan told that Syrian Government troops entering Manbij is "not negative" and adding "as long as terrorists in the area are cleaned".<ref></ref>

===16 October 2019===
Villages around the [[M4 Motorway (Syria)|M4]] in [[Jazira Region|Jazira province]] were reportedly shelled by the TAF at [[dawn]] while shelling and clashes had caused [[power outage]]s and a water shortage in the city of [[Al-Hasakah]], the latter of which returned after 5 days since it had been cut off, as per a SOHR report.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SOHR also reported that clashes continued to the west of [[Ayn Issa]] as the SDF attempted to launch a counterattack where they were able to successfully regain 2 locations.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Clashes had also broken out within the SDF-controlled camp in Ayn Issa between families of [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] members and displaced civilians which resulted in 2 deaths, as per the SOHR report.<ref name=":0" />

Heavy shelling and airstrikes by the TAF were reported in [[Ras al-Ayn]] with heavy fighting on the ground according to SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SOHR further reported that Turkish forces and allied factions had launched a wide scale offensive and managed to advance into parts of the Ras al-Ayn city.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Turkish President Erdoğan announced that Turkey controlled over 1200 square kilometers area since start of the operation.<ref></ref>

The [[Russian military]] deployed near [[Kobani]] on 16 October in the afternoon after crossing Qara Cossack bridge from [[Manbij]] to the east of [[Euphrates]] according to SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SOHR also reported that the Syrian Army had completed its deployment in [[Ayn Issa]], north of [[Raqqa]].<ref name=":0" /> The Syrian Army also reportedly entered the city of Kobanî at nightfall.<ref></ref> This was precipitated by the sudden advance of the Turkish-backed proxy forces towards the Kurdish-held border city.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

==== U.S. withdraws from and destroys northern Syria headquarters ====
U.S. forces, after withdrawing from their [[Operation Inherent Resolve#Military bases|air base near Kharab Ashk]] south of [[Kobanî]], bombed and destroyed it with airstrikes on the morning of 16 October.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The airbase was the largest U.S. base in Syria, capable of landing [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] as well as [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] heavy transport planes.<ref></ref> [[Operation Inherent Resolve|OIR]] spokesman announced later in the day that U.S. forces had withdrawn from the Lafarge base reportedly destroyed earlier in the day, as well as from [[Raqqa]] and [[Al-Thawrah]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> OIR spokesman also confirmed the destruction of the base later in the day saying "On Oct. 16, after all Coalition personnel and essential tactical equipment departed, two Coalition [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15Es]] successfully conducted a pre-planned precision airstrike at the Lafarge Cement Factory to destroy an ammunition cache and reduce the facility's military usefulness."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

===17 October 2019===
TAF and SNA forces completely besieged and captured half of [[Ras al-Ayn]] after getting around the town and cutting off the roads leading to it amid heavy clashes according to SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Turkish Interior Minister [[Süleyman Soylu]] stated that over 980 mortar shells and rockets were launched at Turkey by SDF since the start of the operation killing 20 civilians.<ref></ref>

====120-hour ceasefire====
[[File:Vice President Pence and Secretary Pompeo Joint Press Conference (48915464946).jpg|thumb|Vice President [[Mike Pence]] and U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] at a joint press conference in [[Ankara]] on 17 October 2019]]
On 17 October 2019, US Vice President [[Mike Pence]] and Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] reached a deal to implement a 120-hour cease-fire for Turkey's operation in northern Syria to allow SDF to withdraw from a designated safe zone,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=oc-cease/><ref name=reu-20mil>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> spanning from the Turkey-Syria border to 20 miles (32&nbsp;km) south.<ref name=reu-20mil/> Mike Pence stated that once the military operation completely stops all sanctions imposed on Turkey by the United States would be lifted and there would be no further sanctions.<ref name=":2" /> According to a US statement, the safe zone would be "primarily enforced by the Turkish Armed Forces".<ref name=guar-pence>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> This ceasefire deal was described as another US betrayal of the Kurds<ref name=he-ku>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=tur-bet>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> and a Kurdish surrender to Turkey<ref name=he-ku/><ref name=tur-bet/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> by several US commentators and officials.

Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated that it is not a ceasefire but a temporary pause to allow SDF to withdraw from the designated safe zone, after which if completed the operation would end and if not completed the operation would continue.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SDF commander Mazloum Abdi said that they accepted the ceasefire agreement only in the area between [[Tall Abyad]] and [[Ras al-Ayn]].<ref name="oc-cease"/>

The Syrian Kurdish politician [[Salih Muslim]] stated that "Our people did not want this war. We welcome the ceasefire, but we will defend ourselves in the event of any attack … Ceasefire is one thing and surrender is another thing, and we are ready to defend ourselves. We will not accept the occupation of northern Syria."<ref name=guar-pence/>

===During the ceasefire===
====18 October 2019====
Cautious calm prevailed at the east of Euphrates on 18 October according to SOHR with minor clashes in besieged [[Ras al-Ayn]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SDF said Turkey was violating the ceasefire and of shelling civilian areas of Ras al-Ayn.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)</ref> An unnamed US official said the following day that Turkish backed forces had violated the ceasefire, and the SDF had stopped fighting.<ref name="auto12">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Turkey announced it aimed to establish 12 "observation posts" in its safe zone, with President Erdoğan stating that Turkey will respond if the Syrian government "makes a mistake".<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====19 October 2019====
[[File:Claimed and de facto territory of Rojava.png|thumb|[[Syrian Democratic Forces|SDF]]-controlled territory (green) and [[Turkish occupation of northern Syria|Turkish-controlled territory]] (red) in October 2019]]
SDF had not withdrawn from any positions east of [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]] despite the passage of 37 hours of the US-Turkish agreement to suspend the Turkish military operation for 120 hours according to SOHR. SOHR also reported that since the start of the operation, Turkish Armed Forces and allies had captured an area of .<ref name="syriahr.com">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Both sides said the other side was violating the ceasefire, SDF stated that Turkish forces prevented medical aid from reaching Ras al-Ain, the statement was backed by SOHR.<ref></ref> Unnamed US officialsLiquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) said the "ceasefire is not holding". In the afternoon the SDF said an aid convoy had been let through, after having been prevented from entering the town since Thursday.<ref name="auto12"/>

====20 October 2019====
=====SDF withdraws from Ras al-Ayn=====
A Turkish soldier was killed by a mortar attack near [[Tal Abyad]] due to violations of [[YPG]] according to Turkish Defense Ministry,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> whilst the SDF stated that 16 fighters had been killed by Turkish forces.<ref name=cnn-16sdf/> SDF fully withdrew from [[Ras al-Ayn]] alongside the aid convoy per SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="auto14"/> Both sides have stated that the other side made ceasefire violations.<ref name=cnn-16sdf>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

=====Continued U.S. drawdown=====
US forces withdrew from their [[Operation Inherent Resolve#Military bases|airbase]] near [[Sarrin]] as well as their [[Operation Inherent Resolve#Military bases|airbase]] near [[Tell Beydar]] and destroyed it per SOHR.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="auto18"/> US forces have completely withdrew from the countrysides of [[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]] and [[Raqqa Governorate|Raqqa]] per SDC.<ref name="auto19"/> In the largest ground move to date, a United States convoy of almost 500 personnel is moving eastward through northern Syria towards the border of Iraq.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> As they withdrew, locals threw rotten produce and shouted insults at them, demonstrating a sense of betrayal among the populace.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

U.S. President Donald Trump favored leaving a contingent of 200-300 US troops in [[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Deir ez-Zur countryside]] of eastern Syria where majority of the country's [[oil fields]] are located per [[The New York Times|NYT]] and [[The Wall Street Journal|WSJ]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref> The SDF, however, stated that "The fields have stayed in our hands. We have an agreement with the [Syrian] regime to give them some of our positions along the Turkish border, but we have not negotiated with them on the oil fields yet. There will probably be a version of joint control and revenue sharing with the regime from these fields. I don't know if Trump understands this."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

==== 21 October 2019 ====
The SOHR reported continued ceasefire violations despite the withdrawal of the SDF from [[Ras al-Ayn]]. Per SOHR, Turkish [[drone strike]]s had targeted a vehicle carrying 4 members of the SDF near [[Ayn Issa|Ain Issa]], resulting in the death of all fighters. The Abu Rasin area, east of Ras al-Ayn also experienced heavy clashes and shelling by Turkey as per SOHR.<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

On the aftermath of the SDF withdrawal from the Ras al-Ayn, there were widespread accounts of looting, theft, burning of houses and kidnappings by the pro-Turkish forces with documented examples of members of the [[Hamza Division (Aleppo)|Hamza Division]] per to the SOHR.<ref name=":3" />

The SOHR reported a US withdrawal from [[Rojava|northern Syria]] with a military convoy passing through Simalka border into Iraq at midnight.<ref name=":3" />

====22 October 2019====
Russian Defense Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]] has stated that Russia would need to deploy additional troops and equipment to Syria to patrol the border.<ref name=cnn-sergsho/> As the deadline of the US-brokered 120-hour ceasefire agreement was nearing, Shoigu further stated that the US had less than two hours to comply with the agreement (i.e., removing the sanctions against Turkey) and suggested that the US forces had until the end of the 120-hour period to withdraw from Syria.<ref name=cnn-sergsho>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

According to Syrian state news channel Al-Ekhbaria, Syrian President Assad has told Russian President Putin that his government rejects the occupation of Syria's lands under any pretext in a phone call today.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In a reference to the SDF during his visit to the war zone near Al-Habeet in Idlib, the Syrian President Assad stated that "We said we are ready to support any group that takes up popular resistance against Erdogan and Turkey. This is not a political decision, we have not made a political decision, this is a constitutional duty and this is a national duty. If we don't do this, we don't deserve the homeland."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

U.S. senator [[Mitch McConnell]] introduced a resolution in opposition to President Trump's withdrawal from Syria.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

[[Jim Jeffrey]], US special envoy for Syria and the global coalition against ISIL, said that he was not consulted or advised in advance about the withdrawal of the US from Syria.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

=====Russian–Turkish memorandum=====

On 22 October 2019, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] met in [[Sochi]] and [[Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone|reached an agreement]] about the situation in Syria.<ref name="auto16" /><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> They subsequently released a 10-point memorandum detailing the provisions of the agreement.<ref name="auto17" /><ref name="alj-ftotr">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

In the agreement, the established status quo of the Operation Peace Spring area, covering Tell Abyad and Ras Al Ayn with a depth of 32 kilometers from the border, will be maintained.<ref name="auto17"/><ref name=alj-ftotr/> Starting from 12.00 noon on 23 October, Russian military police and Syrian border guards will enter the Syrian border territory outside the Operation Peace Spring area to facilitate the removal of the YPG in the area with a depth of 30 kilometers from the border, which should be finalized within 150 hours.<ref name="auto17"/><ref name=alj-ftotr/> Hereafter, joint Russian–Turkish patrols will start to the west and east of the Operation Peace Spring area to a depth of 10 kilometers from the border, excluding [[Qamishli]] city.<ref name="auto17"/><ref name=alj-ftotr/> The YPG will be removed from both [[Manbij]] and [[Tell Rifaat|Tal Rifat]].<ref name="auto17"/><ref name=alj-ftotr/>

Russian President Putin informed Syrian President Assad about the provisions of the deal in a phone call.<ref name="auto16"/> The Russian government announced that Assad voiced his support for the agreement and was ready to deploy the Syrian border guards in line with the agreement.<ref name="auto16"/>

====23 October 2019====
President Trump announced that there was a 'permanent' ceasefire in the region and sanctions on Turkey would therefore be lifted, but he also added that the word 'permanent' is questionable for that part of the world.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=cbs-tlts>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> US lawmakers publicly criticized Trump's decision to lift the sanctions.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

[[Dmitry Peskov]], the Russian presidential press secretary, urged the Kurdish forces to withdraw from Syria's border namely because the Syrian border guards and Russian military police would have to step back otherwise, adding that the remaining Kurdish units would be 'steamrolled' by the Turkish military, and stated that the United States had both betrayed and abandoned them despite being their closest ally in recent years.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

As ''[[Newsweek]]'' first reported, it's stated that the United States is considering and preparing to deploy tanks and troops to defend the oil in eastern Syria.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=cnn-tskr>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=waex-alti>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Even though the stated purpose is preventing ISIL from regaining the oil fields, it is likely as much an effort to block Syria and Russia.<ref name=cnn-tskr/><ref name=waex-alti/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=nw-ridc>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====24 October 2019====
Syria's state news agency [[SANA]] reported that Turkish troops and allied fighters attacked Syrian army positions outside [[Tal Tamr]], resulting in several Syrian causalities as they fought back, and clashed with Kurdish-led fighters.<ref name=ap-sstf>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SOHR also confirmed clashes between the SDF and the Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces near Tal Tamr.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The Kurdish-led SDF said that three of its troops were killed during the fighting with the Turkish-backed forces.<ref name=ap-sstf/>

Russia carried out several airstrikes in the Syrian rebel-held territory, targeting the [[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]], [[Hama Governorate|Hama]], and [[Latakia Governorate|Latakia]] provinces<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> among comments by analysts that Idlib, the remaining Turkey-supported rebel stronghold, was the Syrian government's next target.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

During the NATO meeting, Germany's Defense Minister [[Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer]] had presented a proposal for an internationally monitored security zone in northeast Syria to be mandated by the United Nations.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The following day, the Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] rejected the idea of a NATO-controlled security zone in Syria.<ref></ref> On 26 October, the Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu also rejected the German plan for an international security zone and said that the proposal was not realistic.<ref name=dw-trgd>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="pol-tmgs">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====25 October 2019====
US Defense Secretary [[Mark Esper]] said the United States would send their troops, including 'mechanized' forces, to defend the oil in eastern Syria to keep it from ISIL.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> It is unclear whether the Kurds would welcome the Americans again in the aftermath of the US withdrawal, as Syrian Kurdish leader Ilham Ahmed commented earlier on 24 October that "If the U.S. presence in the area is not going to benefit us when it comes to stability, security, and [stopping] the genocide and ethnic cleansing, they won't be welcomed."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The Russian Defense Ministry has announced that around 300 Russian military police have arrived in Syria.<ref name=mt-rscm>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The military police, from the Russian region of [[Chechnya]], will patrol the border region and help with the withdrawal of the Kurdish forces from the border region.<ref name=mt-rscm/>

====26 October 2019====
The Turkish President Erdogan said that "If this area is not cleared from terrorists at the end of the 150 hours, then we will handle the situation by ourselves and will do all the cleansing work."<ref name=reut-twcs>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name="pol-tmgs"/> The Turkish president also criticized the European Union of lying to provide the 6 billion euros to help house and feed around 3.6 million Syrian refugees residing in Turkey, while stating that the EU only provided half of the promised amount and adding that Turkey has spent around 40 billion euros.<ref name=reut-twcs/> He warned that Turkey will open its border for the refugees to go to Europe if European countries failed to provide more financial support for the return of the refugees to Syria.<ref name=reut-twcs/>

A U.S. military convoy drove south of Qamishli heading towards the oil fields in Deir el-Zour.<ref name=gua-band>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The SOHR also reported the convoy when it earlier arrived from Iraq.<ref name=gua-band/> Major General [[Igor Konashenkov]], the Russian Defense Ministry spokesman, characterized the US actions to send armored vehicles and combat troops to protect the oil in eastern Syria as 'banditry'.<ref name=gua-band/> The Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] spoke with the US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] about Syria, with the Russian side emphasizing the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Syria according to the Russian public statement.<ref name=gua-band/>

A large convoy of Syrian government troops was deployed to eight villages at the Ras al-Ayn area along the M4 highway and close to the Syrian–Turkish border.<ref name=gua-band/><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Casualties were reported after clashes in Tal Tamr and Ras al-Ayn, nine dead among the pro-Turkish forces and six dead among the SDF.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====27 October 2019====
The SDF released a statement saying: "The SDF is redeploying to new positions away from the Turkish-Syrian border across northeast Syria in accordance with the terms of the agreement in order to stop the bloodshed and to protect the inhabitants of the region from Turkish attacks."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

====29 October 2019====
The SOHR reported reoccurring clashes between joint Syrian–SDF forces and Turkish-led forces in the area between Tal Tamr and Ras al-Ayn.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> During the clashes along the border, Turkish forces reportedly killed 6 Syrian soldiers near Ras al-Ayn.<ref>https://ift.tt/2Nryk77> Meantime, Turkish Ministry of National Defense announced that they have captured 18 persons who stated to be Syrian government forces.<ref>[https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/rasulaynin-guneydogusunda-rejim-unsuru-oldugunu-iddia-eden-18-kisi-ele-gecirildi-438148.html]</ref>

Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced that the Kurdish-led armed forces had withdrawn from the safe zone along the Syria–Turkey border.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

November 09, 2019 at 12:38AM

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