Iris, Messenger of the Gods

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Iris, Messenger of the Gods

Theramin: new article

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[[File:Auguste Rodin - Iris, Messenger of the Gods - Iris, gudenes sendebud - The National Gallery (Nasjonalgalleriet) (29252581774) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Auguste Rodin]], ''Iris, Messenger of the Gods'', [[National Gallery of Norway]], Oslo]]
[[File:Iris rodin 050685.jpg|thumb|[[Auguste Rodin]], ''Iris, Messenger of the Gods'', [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem]]

'''''Iris, Messenger of the Gods''''' (French: "Iris, messagère des Dieux") (sometimes known as '''''Flying Figure''''', or '''''Eternal Tunnel''''') is a bronze sculpture by [[Auguste Rodin]]. A plaster model was created from 1891 to 1894, and cast in bronze by [[Rudier Foundry|Fonderie Rudier]] at various times from c.1895. Iris is depicted with the right hand clasping the right foot, with her naked body controversially arranged with her legs spread wide, displaying her genitalia.

==Background==
The sculpture originated in 1891 as part of Rodin's second (and ultimately unrealised) proposal for a [[Monument to Victor Hugo]] for a site outside the [[Panthéon]] ion Paris. Rodin received the commission in 1889, and he initially conceived a sculpture of [[Victor Hugo]] accompanied by three female figures representing Youth, Maturity and Old Age. Over time, the project evolved, and the parts of the figures became separate sculptures, including ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'', ''[[Tragic Muse]]'', and ''Iris''. The figure that became ''Iris'' was intended to [[personification|personify]] the "Spirit of the Nineteenth Century", or "Glory", hovering above the head of Victor Hugo.

A simplified version of the Monument to Victor Hugo was later installed at the [[Palais Royale]].

==Description==
The original sculpture depicted the [[Iris (mythology)|Greek goddess Iris]] as a woman, with sweeping wings, and leg spread wide. The pose recalls the uncompromising painting ''[[L'Origine du monde]]'' (1866) by [[Gustave Courbet]] (held in a private collection and still little unknown in 1890, but Rodin may have become acquainted with it through [[Edmond de Goncourt]]: Courbet's work gained wider exposure after being acquired by the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in 1981). It also reflects the athleticism of a gymnast or dancer stretching. The sculpture was probably from life, with a model lying on a bed, perhaps a [[can-can]] dancer. Indeed, it may be inspired by Rodin's clipping of the [[Chahut]] dancer "Grille d'Egout" from an 1891 issue of the ''[[Gil Blas (periodical)|Gil Blas]]'' magazine.

A small early study of ''Iris'' retains its head. The sculpture was altered in 1894, when it was enlarged by Rodin's assistant and reoriented into a vertical position, with the left arm and head removed leaving a fragmentary torso similar to a damaged statue from Classical antiquity. It was catalogued as ''Study of a woman with legs apart'' in November 1894, and then cast in bronze at the [[Rudier Foundry]]. A full-size cast held by the [[Musée Rodin]] measures .

A cast was exhibited at the Sixth [[Munich Secession]] exhibition in 1898, and then, under the title ''Another Voice'', at Rodin's retrospective in a temporary pavilion at the during the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] in 1900. The work was initially very controversial due to its explicit sexual content, it was retained in Rodin's studio. A cast owned by [[Edward Perry Warren]] was donated to the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], in 1908, but the museum felt unable to exhibit the "unshowable" work, and sold it in 1953. (Warren collected other controversial artworks: he also owned the [[Warren Cup]]; and his donation of a stone version of Rodin's ''[[The Kiss]]'' to the local council in [[Lewes]] was returned as being unsuitable for public display.) The [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] accepted the artist's donation of an early cast in 1914, where it is known as "Crouching Woman".

''Iris'' has been described by the art historian Jane Mayo Roos as "open[ing] her thighs in a pose of candid, aggressive sexuality". The critic [[Arthur Symons]] wrote that "All the force of the muscle palpitates in this strenuous flesh, the whole splendour of her sex, unveiled, palpitates in the air, the messenger of the gods, bringing some divine message, pauses in flight, an embodied inspiration".

==Versions==
Examples of the sculpture exists in a number of smaller casts.

A high in version, cast by Rudier in 1902-5, so one of just seven known castings made during Rodin's lifetime, was sold for £11.57m at Sotheby's in 2016. It was sold from the collection of [[Sylvester Stallone]], who had nicknamed it the "flying beaver". Stallone had acquired it at auction in 2007 for £4.6m, then a record for Rodin.

Ten smaller high bronze casts were made by the Rudier Foundry for the Musée Rodin between 1945 and 1965. One was sold at [[Christie's]] in 2007 for US$880,000, and another at [[Bonham's]] in 2014 for US$509,000. A high version, cast in 1963, was sold for US$2.89m at [[Sotheby's]] in 2016.

A version is held by the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York, and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] has a version, cast in 1965.

The Musée Rodin had a series of 13 casts of a high version with the head intact and the stump of a left arm, known as ''Iris, Study with Head'' made by the [[Susse Frères|Susse]] foundry between 1969 and 1972.

The work may have influenced [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s explicit [[peephole]] installation ''[[Étant donnés]]''. Some works of [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]] show the influence of this sculpture, including his ''Lying Figure No. 1'' (1959) and ''Reclining Woman'' (1961).

<gallery>
File:Musée Rodin (37063887251).jpg|Rodin, ''Monument to Victor Hugo'', at the [[Palais Royale]], Paris, including Rodin's sculptures of Victor Hugo and his ''Tragic Muse''
File:Auguste rodin, la musa tragica (dal monumento a victor hugo), 1890, 01.JPG|Rodin, ''[[Tragic Muse]]'', [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)|Musée d'Art et d'Histoire]], Geneva
File:Méditation, dite voix intérieure, avec bras (after 1900) by Rodin.jpg |Rodin, ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'', [[Musée Rodin]], Paris
</gallery>

==References==
* [https://ift.tt/1OEGWBh ''Iris, Messenger of the Gods''], Musée Rodin
* [https://ift.tt/38QVTPd Monument to Victor Hugo] , Musée Rodin
* [https://ift.tt/2Ta4khA Monument to Victor Hugo] , Musée Rodin

* [https://ift.tt/3c1WTSz ''Head of Iris''], Victoria and Albert Musuem
* [https://ift.tt/2vSmJYt ''Crouching Woman''], Victoria and Albert Musuem
* [https://ift.tt/39XbDQA ''Iris''], Museum of Modern Art
* [https://ift.tt/2vbIfrd ''Iris, Study with Head''], Bowman Sculpture
* [https://ift.tt/2w1sqDl ''Iris, Messagère des Dieux (Messenger of the Gods), Study without Head, Small Model''], Bowman Sculpture
* [https://ift.tt/32h6xvS ''Iris, Messenger of the Gods''], Metropolitan Museum of Art

* [https://ift.tt/32nuwtp '' Iris, messagère des Dieux''], Christie's, 9 May 2007
* [https://ift.tt/2HNi3Wy Great Works: Iris, Messenger of the Gods (circa 1895), Auguste Rodin], The Independent, 26 November 2010
* [https://ift.tt/2VpI4Dx ''Iris, messagère des dieux, étude sans tête, petit modèle''], Bonham's, 4 November 2014
* [https://ift.tt/2VdnN3H "Rodin's explicit Iris and daring Freud nude go on sale for estimated £13m-plus"], The Guardian, 27 January 2016
* [https://ift.tt/1S3fct1 ''Iris, messagère des dieux''], Sotheby's, 3 February 2016
* [https://ift.tt/32jynrr ''Iris, messagère des dieux''], Sotheby's, 9 May 2016

* [https://ift.tt/2HOQLio Francis Bacon, ''Lying Figure No. 1'' (1959)], www.francis-bacon
* [https://ift.tt/2PgPa9n Francis Bacon, ''Reclining Woman'' (1961)], Tate



[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures]]
[[Category:1895 sculptures]]

February 23, 2020 at 09:30AM

Home of Togo Opposition Candidate Surrounded by Security Forces

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Home of Togo Opposition Candidate Surrounded by Security Forces

The home of a key Togo opposition candidate was surrounded by security forces just hours after polls closed Saturday in elections widely expected to see President Faure Gnassingbe claim a fourth term in power. 

Troops could be seen outside the house of Agbeyome Kodjo, considered an important challenger in the electoral race, as the government confirmed the move and said it was for "his own safety." 

"We are largely in the lead everywhere. My house is surrounded by soldiers," Kodjo told AFP. 

Security forces were blocking all access to the property in the capitalm Lome, according to AFP journalists at the scene, while military roadblocks were being put up in the city. 

Calm during vote

Polls closed earlier Saturday in an election that was initially reported to be calm with a moderate turnout, although many voters had vowed not to take part in an election they described as neither free nor fair. 

Gnassingbe has led the West African country of 8 million people since 2005 following the death of his father, Gnassingbe Eyadema, who ruled with an iron fist for 38 years. 

Kodjo, who served as prime minister under Gnassingbe's father, is seen as a potential dark horse after winning the backing of an influential former Catholic archbishop. 

The Togo security minister, Yark Damehame, said both Kodjo's home and that of the former archbishop had been surrounded as a precaution. 

"We have received reports that he is at risk of an attack on his house by unruly individuals, but I cannot tell you from which side," he said. 

February 23, 2020 at 08:43AM

Afghan Truce Worry: One Militant Could Threaten Peace Process

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Afghan Truce Worry: One Militant Could Threaten Peace Process 

Hopes for ending America's longest war hinge on maintaining a weeklong fragile truce in Afghanistan that U.S. officials and experts agree will be difficult to assess and fraught with pitfalls. 

What if one militant with a suicide vest kills dozens in a Kabul market? Or, if a U.S. airstrike targeting Islamic State insurgents takes out Taliban members instead, does that destroy the deal? 

The agreement, which took effect Friday, calls for an end to attacks around the country, including roadside bombings, suicide attacks and rocket strikes by the Taliban, Afghan and U.S. forces. 

But in a country that has been wracked by violence for more than 18 years, determining if the agreement has been violated will be a tough task. And there are other groups and elements in the country that would love to see the deal fall through. 

"The reason this is a challenge is this is a very decentralized insurgency," said Seth Jones, a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and an Afghanistan expert. "There are going to be a lot of opportunities for any militia commander, element of the Taliban, the Haqqani network and other local forces who don't want to see a deal, to conduct violence." 

The Haqqani network is an insurgent group linked to the Taliban. 

Quick analysis is vital

According to one defense official, any attack will be reviewed on a "case-by-case" basis. And much will depend on how well U.S. military and intelligence officials in Afghanistan can quickly determine two things: who was responsible for the attack and whether any blame can be traced to the Taliban, particularly the group's leaders who have been participating in the negotiations. 

The Taliban issued a statement late Friday saying their military council had instructed commanders and governors to stop all attacks against foreign and Afghan forces. The council has a web of commanders and shadow governors across the country. 

U.S. officials have made it clear that "spoilers" — such as militants associated with the Taliban who are not in favor of the peace talks — could launch an attack in a deliberate attempt to prevent them from happening. 

Jones said the U.S. military has tried to get a good layout of where all the insurgent groups are operating so it will be able to determine where any attack comes from and who likely was responsible. And U.S. military officials said they were prepared to make quick assessments. 

Vendors and shoppers fill a bazaar in Kabul, Afghanistan. Feb. 22, 2020. A temporary truce between the United States and the Taliban took effect Friday, setting the stage for the two sides to sign a peace deal next week.

If successfully implemented, the weeklong "reduction in violence" agreement, which began at midnight Friday local time (1930 GMT), will be followed by the signing of a peace accord on February 29. That accord would finally wrap up the 18-year war and begin to fulfill one of President Donald Trump's main campaign promises: to bring U.S. troops in Afghanistan home. 

The U.S. will continue to have surveillance aircraft and other assets overhead to monitor events and help to determine who is responsible for any attack. 

Communications channel

One senior U.S. official also said that the U.S., Afghans and Taliban will have a channel through which they will be able to discuss any issues that arise. 

Another U.S. official said that communications between the groups will allow the Taliban, for example, to quickly deny involvement with an attack. But in all cases, officials said the U.S. military — led by General Scott Miller in Afghanistan — will be responsible for investigating incidents and figuring out who is at fault. 

The officials all spoke on condition of anonymity. 

Once Miller reaches a conclusion, officials said it will be up to the White House and State Department to determine whether an attack constitutes a violation of the truce and if it is enough to affect the peace deal. 

The Pentagon has made it clear that U.S. troops may continue to conduct operations against Islamic State and al-Qaida militants as needed. But officials also noted that all sides want the peace agreement to be successful, so they will try to avoid anything that might scuttle it. 

The Pentagon has said for months that it is poised to reduce the number of U.S. troops in Afghanistan from the current number of more than 12,000 to 8,600. That reduction is likely to be triggered once the peace agreement is finalized, but officials said Friday that it could take several months for any troop cuts to begin. 

Jones expressed some skepticism, saying the Taliban have expressed little interest in laying down arms or integrating into a government run by someone other than themselves. 

Months of talks

The agreement mapping out a plan for peace follows months of negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban that have broken down before. Both parties, however, have signaled a desire to halt the fighting that began with the U.S. invasion after the September 11, 2001, attacks by Osama bin Laden's Afghanistan-based al-Qaida network. 

The only other cease-fire the Taliban had agreed to was for three days in 2018 over the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr. Then fighting ceased completely and Taliban and Afghan security forces were even filmed taking selfies together and laughing. The Taliban military leaders chastised its fighters at the end of the cease-fire for their frolicking with the enemy. 

February 23, 2020 at 08:27AM

US Pressures Spain on Chinese Tech Firms

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US Pressures Spain on Chinese Tech Firms

The U.S. government warned Spain this week about the security risk inherent in opening its fifth-generation communications networks to Chinese mobile technology providers. 

In meetings Thursday and Friday, U.S. officials warned Spanish officials and telecommunications executives that the U.S. could stop sharing sensitive information with Spain if the Chinese firms reportedly involved in 5G technology were not excluded from local markets. 

Robert Strayer, U.S. deputy assistant secretary for cyber and international communications and information policy, told reporters at the U.S. Embassy in Madrid that 5G pioneer Huawei was under the control of the Chinese government.

Defense implications  

"We cannot put our important information at the risk of being accessed by the Chinese Communist Party," Strayer said, stressing that technology developed by Huawei to accelerate connections between billions of objects has inevitable defense implications. 

Huawei offers better 5G network equipment at lower prices than its competitors, according to telecommunications analysts. U.S. efforts to restrict the company's access to major international markets have been rebuffed by allies in Europe and Asia. 

The U.K. announced in late January that it would allow Huawei to equip parts of its 5G networks. Similar decisions have been made by Germany and other EU governments. 

FILE - U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo walks on the tarmac as he leaves Germany after taking part in the 56th Munich Security Conference in Munich, southern Germany, Feb. 15, 2020.

At an international security conference in Munich last week, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called for the creation of a Western alliance against China aimed at blocking cyberespionage.  

"In recent years, we have witnessed an intense communications campaign to raise consciousness over the interference of the People's Republic of China in companies that manufacture telecommunications equipment," said Javier Cremades, a Spanish lawyer specializing in cybersecurity. 

'Criminalizing' competition

Cremades said Chinese laws allow official access to all information handled by technology firms. That provision, however, does not extend to European affiliates or commercial activity outside China, he said, adding that U.S. accusations against China might be aimed at "criminalizing" the competition in the rivalry with Beijing to control the world's phone technology market. 

Spokesmen from the U.K.'s National Cyber Security Center said it was "feasible" to implement security measures to separate "high-risk vendors" from sensitive data and functions, although it could require design restrictions that may slow 5G network performance. 

U.S. officials said other European and Asian firms that have been cleared to operate in American markets, including Sweden's Ericsson and South Korea's Samsung, offer 5G technology as advanced as China's. 

Spain's biggest telecommunications companies, including Telefonica and Vodafone, say they have taken steps to reduce Chinese input for their core systems of future data management in mobile telephones, according to the newspaper El Mundo. 

But U.S. appeals to European countries to restrict access to Chinese tech giants come at a sensitive moment in transatlantic commercial relations. 

Serious disagreement over European Union efforts to impose a new tax on American high-tech providers has already shaken the telecommunications sector. 

U.S. diplomats have threatened to retaliate against Spain and other countries for imposing taxes that target American firms that operate a majority of Europe's digital networks.  

U.S. President Donald Trump "cannot become a boss who tells European countries what they can do in the EU," said Spain's Treasury Minister Maria Jesus Montero, who defends the tax as a way of protecting local competitors. 

Spain has a had a close commercial and military relationship with the U.S. since the middle of the last century. But the influence of China has grown recently, with nearly 50% of Spain's national debt now owned by Chinese banks. 

February 23, 2020 at 07:48AM

Body of North Carolina infant found in cemetery after Amber Alert, mom's robbery arrest

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Body of North Carolina infant found in cemetery after Amber Alert, mom's robbery arrest North Carolina police went to a cemetery early Saturday and found the body of an infant whose disappearance hours earlier prompted an Amber Alert.
February 23, 2020 at 05:57AM

Idlib’s Displaced Head East in Massive Syrian Exodus

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Idlib's Displaced Head East in Massive Syrian Exodus 

Umm Omar and her family were among thousands of displaced Syrians fleeing Idlib last week as the Syrian regime, backed by Russian air power, pushed deeper into the last rebel stronghold, in the northwest part of the country.

The 50-year-old woman, along with her husband, nine children and seven grandchildren, had few options as shelter was extremely scarce in the war-torn country. Years of conflict and repeated displacement shaped her belief that any safe place within Syria was merely temporary. 

"The roads were clogged with fleets of cars, small trucks and motorbikes. Entire towns and cities were void of all residents," Omar, who didn't want to disclose her real name for security reasons, told VOA. "Everyone is heading to anyplace that's safe in a massive exodus from Idlib." 

Idlib is home to nearly 3 million people, almost half of whom have been displaced from other parts of Syria during the country's civil war. Since December 2019, the governorate has come under intensifying attacks by forces loyal to the Syrian regime aiming to seize the remaining rebel-held areas. 

FILE - Members of Syria's opposition National Liberation Front fire a rocket near al-Nayrab, about 14 kilometers southeast of Idlib in northwestern Syria, amid clashes with government forces, Feb. 20, 2020.

Omar and her family were first forced to leave everything behind and flee Aleppo in 2016 after forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad took control of the city, ousting the opposition groups. Their new home then became makeshift housing in a small town in the western Aleppo countryside. 

'We only want peace'

"We tried to start over again in Atarib. First, we lived in a tent for a while, and only last year was I able to build a small house of two rooms. Now we have to leave everything again and flee," said the grief-stricken Syrian woman, who ended up in Afrin in northern Aleppo.   

"We only want peace now. We want this war to end. We want to save the remnants of our lives and our children. We lost half of our sons in this monstrous war," she said. 

Omar's family of 20 members is expecting to be placed in a refugee camp in Afrin among thousands of other newly displaced Syrians. Until then, they will be sharing a house of only three rooms with her sister's family. 

FILE - Displaced Syrian women and children, who fled from southern Idlib, gather around a fire in Afrin, Syria, Feb. 6, 2020.

Even in Afrin, the family is not confident of safety. The volatile town was under Kurdish control until March 2018 when Turkey and its allied Syrian militants launched Operation Olive Branch. The operation has displaced thousands of the population, and rights organizations are reporting the Turkey-backed militants have been relentlessly looting local homes.  

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a Britain-based war monitor, has said more than 1 million civilians have been displaced from Idlib, and the numbers are increasing.   

Local sources reported that thousands of Idlib civilians seeking safer havens than cities like Afrin resorted to a narrow strip close to the Turkish border. The civilians had to flee those areas, however, following shelling by Syrian government forces. 

Convinced the government troops likely will not cease their military operations until they completely crush and domainate the Idlib governorate, additional displaced civilians continue to escape toward the northern and eastern parts of the country. 

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Reaching Raqqa 

Many displaced Syrians have resorted to areas under the control of the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in northeast Syria, where relative stability has been achieved since the Islamic State was conquered in March 2019. In IS's former self-proclaimed capital, Raqqa, local community members and authorities are helping the newly arrived people by setting up emergency shelters and hosting them in their homes.  

The commander of the SDF, Mazloum Abdi, earlier this month said thousands of people already had arrived in their areas and more were expected in the coming weeks.   

"We welcome all the displaced from Idlib. We are all Syrians. There are no walls, nor are there landmines leading to our area — and there are no soldiers or guards that could target the travelers," Abdi said in a tweet. 

Osama Khalaf, a member of the Raqqa Civil Council, told VOA that because of the large numbers of civilians arriving in Raqqa and Manbij, local authorities have opened two refugee camps along the outskirts of the two cities.   

"Since the defeat of the Islamic State in Raqqa in 2017, the city has become a destination for many refugees coming from other areas as services and basic needs increasingly become available. But as more people continue to arrive from Idlib, we need international support to provide aid for everyone," Khalaf said.   

FILE - Mark Lowcock, U.N. undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs.

Women and children 

Mark Lowcock, the U.N.'s undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs, warned Monday in a statement that the humanitarian situation in the region had reached "a horrifying new level." 

"The violence in northwest Syria is indiscriminate. Health facilities, schools, residential areas, mosques and markets have been hit. Schools are suspended. Many health facilities have closed. There is a serious risk of disease outbreaks. Basic infrastructure is falling apart," Lowcock said. 

Activists and aid workers in the region told VOA they were overwhelmed as they attempted to provide humanitarian aid for thousands of people who lacked even basic necessities. They said children and women were particularly vulnerable. 

"We are trying to secure milk for 4,000 babies, aged between one day and 1½ years," Ibrahim al-Samadi, an aid worker with the Afrin-based Sanabil al-Khair organization, told VOA.   

As towns and villages were becoming overcrowded with displaced people, al-Samadi said more people were resorting to setting up tents in open fields outside cities. He said aid organizations were struggling to provide the displaced with tents, blankets and heating fuel amid harsh winter weather. 

Maisaa al-Mahmoud, an activist who works with Syrian refugees near the Turkish border, said aid organizations needed to pay particular attention to children, who are highly susceptible to disease and malnutrition. The female activist, who was displaced from Aleppo and lost one of her sons in the war, said the people were feeling abandoned, with no hope anytime soon for a better life.   

"In one of our missions to distribute aid to refugees, I was trying to cheer up a child by asking him, 'What do you want to become when you grow up?' The child answered, 'I just want to stay alive,' " she told VOA. 

February 23, 2020 at 05:51AM

Maria Blom (carillonneur)

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Maria Blom (carillonneur)

Nnadigoodluck:

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'''Maria Blom''' was a Dutch [[Carillon|carillonneur]] and the first woman to work as a professional carillonneur in the Netherlands.

== Life and career ==
Blom served as the carillonneur of the [[Sint Janskerk]] in [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]] from 1943-1985, and also played in [[IJsselstein]] and [[Kamerik]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In a 1960 interview for a women's magazine, Blom recounted how her private teacher Ferdinand Timmermans temporarily ceased teaching her, given that she had little hope of being accepted to the [[Royal Carillon School "Jef Denyn"|Royal Carillon School 'Jef Denyn']] as a woman.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Unruffled, she hosted a summer concert series one year of exclusively women performers. She also established Gouda's famed Candle Night tradition with mobile carillon.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==





[[Category:Carillonneurs]]
[[Category:Keyboardists]]
[[Category:20th-century classical musicians]]

February 23, 2020 at 05:05AM

Return to service of the Boeing 737 MAX

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Return to service of the Boeing 737 MAX

Marc Lacoste: split from Boeing 737 MAX groundings

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<section begin=summary/>
[[File:Boeing 737-8 MAX N8704Q rotated.jpg|thumb|The [[Boeing 737 MAX]] needs to be certified again]]
After the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|Boeing 737 MAX was grounded]], [[National aviation authority|aviation authorities]] need to reassess the aircraft [[type certification]] before allowing it to return to service.

By convention, aviation regulators worldwide accept the certification of aircraft from the country of manufacture and do not review those certifications in much detail.<ref name=":11"></ref> However, since the fatal accidents and grounding of 737 MAX several aviation authorities, particularly the European EASA, will conduct their assessments and validation tests of the MAX prior to authorizing it in their controlled airspace. As of October 2019 the disagreements over various system revision details as well as Level of Involvement (LoI) between the two leading aviation authorities, FAA and EASA, could delay the 737 MAX return to service.<ref name="EASA on proposed fixes" />
<section end=summary/>
== FAA ==
<!-- only information relevant to MAX's return to service -->

In August 2019, reports of friction between Boeing Co. and international air-safety authorities emerged. A Boeing briefing was stopped short by the FAA, EASA, and other regulators, who complained that Boeing had "failed to provide technical details and answer specific questions about modifications in the operation of MAX flight-control computers."<ref></ref><ref></ref> A U.S. official confirmed frustration with some of Boeing's answers.<ref name=":29">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

On September 18, 2019, FAA administrator [[Stephen Dickson (executive)|Stephen Dickson]] (who had succeeded [[Daniel Elwell]]) said that he would not certify the MAX until he flew the aircraft himself (Dickson had previously been a pilot for Delta Air Lines and operated the Boeing 737).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> He said he will fly the plane using the new software following the certification flight.<ref name="cnn.com"></ref>

In October 2019, the FAA has requested Boeing to turn over internal documents and explain why it did not disclose the Forkner messages earlier.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The FAA is aware of "more potentially damaging messages from Boeing employees that the company has not turned over to the agency".<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

On December 11, 2019, Dickson announced that MAX would not be recertified before 2020, and reiterated that FAA did not have a timeline.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The following day, Dickson met with Boeing chief executive Dennis Muilenburg to discuss Boeing's unrealistic timeline and the FAA's concerns that Boeing's public statements may be perceived as attempting to force the FAA into quicker action.<ref></ref>

In January 2020, Boeing targeted mid-2020 for recertification, but the FAA expressed that it was "pleased" with progress made and may approve the aircraft sooner within the United States.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

In February 2020, the FAA explained why the agency waited for [[empirical evidence]] to draw a common link to the crashes before grounding the airplane.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)</ref> It also set out the remaining steps in the process to ungrounding the aircraft: after remaining minor issues are resolved, a certification flight will be conducted and flight data will be assessed. Operational validation, including assessment of Boeing's training proposals by international and U.S. crews, as well as by the FAA administrator and his deputy in person, will then proceed, followed by documentation steps. The grounding order is expected to be rescinded no less than 30 days after the certification flight, though the FAA stressed again that it was working to a process, not a timeline. U.S. airlines will then need to obtain FAA approval for their training programs. Each aircraft will be issued with an airworthiness certificate and will be required to conduct a validation flight without passengers.<ref></ref>

== EASA ==
The EASA and [[Transport Canada]] announced they will independently verify FAA recertification of the 737 MAX.<ref name=":11" /><ref></ref>

For product certifications, the EASA is already in the process of significantly changing its approach to the definition of Level of Involvement (LoI) with Design Organisations. Based on an assessment of risk, an applicant makes a proposal for the Agency's involvement "in the verification of the compliance demonstration activities and data". EASA considers the applicant's proposal in determining its LOI.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>

In a letter sent to the FAA on April 1, 2019, EASA stated four conditions for recertification: "1. Design changes proposed by Boeing are EASA approved (no delegation to FAA) 2. Additional and broader independent design review has been satisfactorily completed by EASA 3. Accidents of JT610 and ET302 are deemed sufficiently understood 4. B737 MAX flight crews have been adequately trained."<ref name=":14"></ref>

In a May 22 statement, the EASA reaffirmed the need to independently certify the 737 MAX software and pilot training.<ref></ref> In addition to system analysis mentioned above, EASA raised concerns with the autopilot not engaging or disengaging upon request, or that the manual trim wheel is electronically counteracted upon, or requires substantial physical force to overcome the aerodynamic effects in flight.<ref></ref>

In September 2019, the European Union received parliamentary questions for written answers about the independent testing and re-certification of critical parts of the Boeing 737 MAX by the EASA:<ref>[https://ift.tt/2uY8lOr European Parliament legal notice for reuse]</ref><blockquote>
* Could the Commission confirm whether these tests will extend beyond the MCAS flight software issue to the real problem of the aerodynamic instability flaw which the MCAS software was created to address?
* Does the Commission have concerns about the limited scope of the FAA's investigation into the fatal loss of control, and is EASA basing its re-certification of the 737 Max on that investigation?
* What assurances can the Commission give that the de facto delegation of critical elements of aircraft certification to the same company that designed and built the aircraft, and the practice of delegated oversight, does not exist in Europe?</blockquote>

EASA stated it was satisfied with changes to the flight control computer architecture; improved crew procedures and training are considered a simplification but still work in progress; the integrity of the angle of attack system is still not appropriately covered by Boeing's response. The EASA recommends a flight test to evaluate aircraft performance with and without the MCAS.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":14" /><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> EASA said it will send its own test pilots and engineers to fly certification flight tests of the modified 737 MAX. EASA also said it prefers a design that takes readings from three independent Angle of Attack sensors.<ref name=":18">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> EASA's leaders want Boeing and the FAA to commit for longer-term safety enhancements. Mr. Ky is said to seek a third source of the angle of attack. EASA is contemplating the installation of a third sensor or equivalent system at a later stage, once the planes return to service.<ref name="EASA on proposed fixes"></ref>

On 18 October, EASA Executive Director Patrick Ky said: "For me it is going to be the beginning of next year, if everything goes well. As far as we know today, we have planned for our flight tests to take place in mid-December which means decisions on a return to service for January, on our side".<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

== Other authorities ==
<!-- Canada's regulator -->
Canada accepted FAA's MAX certification in June 2017 under a bilateral agreement.<ref name=":17"></ref> However, Canadian Minister of Transport Garneau said in March 2019, that Transport Canada will do its own certification of Boeing's software update "even if it's certified by the FAA.".<ref name=":17" /> On October 4, 2019, the head of civil aviation for Transport Canada, said that global regulators are considering the requirements for the 737 MAX to fly again, weighing in the "startle factors" that can overwhelm pilots lacking sufficient exposure in simulation scenarios. He also said that Transport Canada raised questions over the architecture of the angle of attack system.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> On November 19, 2019, an engineering manager in aircraft integration and safety assessment at Transport Canada emailed FAA, EASA and Brazil's National Civil Aviation Agency, calling for removal of key software from the 737 MAX by stating "The only way I see moving forward at this point is that Boeing's MCAS system has to go," although the views were at the working level and had not been subject to systematic review by Transport Canada.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

<!-- India's regulator -->
India's regulator [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] will conduct its own validation tests of the MAX before authorizing it in India's airspace. Arun Kumar, Director General of DGCA, said India will adopt a "wait and watch" policy and not hurry to reauthorize the plane to fly. He also said an independent validation will be performed to ensure safety and MAX pilots will have to train on a simulator. India's [[SpiceJet]] has already received 13 MAX jets and has 155 more on order.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>

<!-- UAE's regulator -->
The UAE's director general of the [[General Civil Aviation Authority]] (GCAA), Said Mohammed al-Suwaidi, announced GCAA will conduct its own assessment, rather than follow the FAA. The UAE regulator had yet not seen Boeing's fixes in detail.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> He did not expect the 737 MAX to be back in service in 2019.<ref></ref>

<!-- Australia's regulator -->
Australia's [[Civil Aviation Safety Authority]] said that the FAA decision would be an important factor in allowing the MAX to fly, but CASA will make its own decision.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In October 2019 [[SilkAir]] flew its six 737 MAXs from [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]] to [[Alice Springs Airport]] for storage during Singapore's wet season.<ref>[https://ift.tt/2oOfxcr Alice Springs plane graveyard to house Silk Air's grounded Boeing 737 MAX 8 planes] ''[[ABC News (Australia)]]'' October 1, 2019</ref>

<!-- Brazil's regulator -->
According to the first Brazil's government statement on the MAX issue, the [[National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil]] (ANAC) has been working closely with the FAA on getting the airplane back into service by the end of 2019. It is worth noting that Brazil's largest domestic airline, [[Gol Transportes Aéreos]], is a major MAX customer with an order over 100 aircraft.<ref></ref>

== Certification activities ==
In early October, CEO Muilenburg said that Boeing's own test pilots had completed more than 700 flights with the MAX.<ref name="EASA on proposed fixes" /> As of October 28, Boeing had conducted "over 800 test and production flights with the updated MCAS software, totaling more than 1,500 hours".<ref></ref>

Certification flight tests, because of the ongoing safety review, are unlikely before November.<ref name="Reuters">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Boeing made "dry runs" of the certification test flights on October 17, 2019.<ref> Aviation}}</ref>

In December 2019, ''The Air Current'' reported on pilots attempting the procedure with "inconsistent, confusing" results.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The FAA has identified new risks of failure during thorough testing. As a result, Boeing will make the overall flight-control computer more redundant and both computers will operate on each flight instead of alternating between flights. The planes were said to be unlikely to resume operations until 2020.<ref name="WSJ_20190802"></ref><ref name="WSJ_20190714"></ref><ref name="Seattle Times 20190801">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> On October 8, Boeing was fixing a flaw discovered in the redundant-computer architecture of the 737 MAX flight-control system.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

, the FAA and the EASA were still reviewing changes to the MAX software, raising questions about the return to service forecast. The FAA will review Boeing's "final system description", which specifies the architecture of the flight control system and the changes that Boeing have made, and perform an "integrated system safety analysis"; the updated avionics will be assessed for pilot workload.<ref name="Reuters"/> The FAA is specifically looking at six "non-normal" checklists that could be resequenced or changed. The assessment of these checklists with pilots could happen at the end of October, according to an optimistic forecast.<ref name=":35">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

Final simulator-based assessments are expected to start in November.<ref name="cnn.com"/> On October 22, FAA Administrator Steve Dickson said in news conference that the agency has received the "final software load" and "complete system description" of revisions; several weeks of work are anticipated for certification activities.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

As of mid-November, Boeing still needed to complete an audit of its software documentation. A key certification test flight will follow the audit. In a memo and a video dated November 14, FAA's Steve Dickson instructed his staff to "take whatever time is needed" in their review, repeating that approval is "not guided by a calendar or schedule."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

On December 6, 2019, the FAA posted an updated [[Master minimum equipment list]] for the 737 MAX; in particular, both flight computers must be operational before flight, as they now compare each other's sensors prior to activating MCAS.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

== References ==


[[Category:2019 in aviation]]
[[Category:Boeing]]

February 23, 2020 at 02:48AM

Sospeter Magua

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Sospeter Magua

Bashereyre: lowr case

---

'''Sospeter Magua''' was an [[Anglican]] [[bishop]] in [[Anglican Church of Kenya|Kenya]] during the last third of the [[Twentieth Century]].<ref>[https://ift.tt/2v7WM77 ACK]</ref>

Magua was educated at [[St. Paul's University, Limuru]] and was [[ordained]] [[deacon]] in 1953 and [[priest]] in 1955.<ref>[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]] 1975-76 p631London: [[Oxford University Press|OUP]], 1976 </ref> He served in the [[Diocese of Mombasa]] until 1961. He was [[Archdeacon]] of [[Murang'a|Fort Hall]] from 1964 to 1971; [[Vicar general]] of the [[Diocese of Mount Kenya]] from 1971 to 1973; and [[Anglican Church of Kenya|Provincial Secretary of Kenya]] from 1973 to 1976. He was [[Diocese of Mount Kenya South|Bishop of Mount Kenya South]] from 1976 to 1982.

Magua died at [[Muranga]] on 13 DEcember on 13 December 2019.<ref>[https://ift.tt/39XNYiS Obituary Kenya]</ref>
==References==








[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops]]
[[Category:Kenyan Anglicans]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Bishops of Mount Kenya South]]
[[Category:Alumni of St. Paul's University, Limuru]]
[[Category:Anglican archdeacons in Africa]]

February 22, 2020 at 08:32PM

Dagmar Droysen-Reber

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Dagmar Droysen-Reber

LouisAlain: ←Created page with ''''Dagmar Droysen-Reber''' (born 25 August 1928) is a German musicologist and museum director. == Life == Droysen-Reber was born in Barmen. After st...'

---

'''Dagmar Droysen-Reber''' (born 25 August 1928) is a German [[musicologist]] and [[museum director]].

== Life ==
Droysen-Reber was born in [[Barmen]]. After studying [[musicology]], [[experimental physics]] and [[Romance studies]] and obtaining her [[doctorate]] as Dr. phil., she initially worked as a piano teacher and held various honorary positions in international musicological associations.

In the [[State Institute for Music Research]] she was initially head of the acoustics department until 1984. In 1989 she was appointed director of the [[Berlin Musical Instrument Museum]] and was provisional director from 1989 to 1992 and until 31 August 1994 as the predecessor of [[Thomas Ertelt]] director of the State Institute for Music Research.

Her successor at the museum is [[Conny Restle]].

== Awards ==
* 1986: [[Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland|Verdienstkreuz am Bande]] der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

== Publications ==
* ''Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Instituts für Musikforschung'',<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SNT9w8 ''Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Instituts für Musikforschung''], on [[WorldCat]]</ref> 1968 1968 ff.,
* Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (ed.): ''Wege zur Musik. Herausgegeben anläßlich der Eröffnung des neuen Hauses.''<ref>[https://ift.tt/2SQXCOA ''Wege zur Musik''] on WorldCat</ref> Redaction: Dagmar Droysen-Reber. SIMPK, Berlin 1984,
* ''Berliner Musikinstrumenten-Museum. Bestandskatalog'',<ref>[https://ift.tt/2ujZciE ''Bestandskatalog der europäischen Musikinstrumente 1888-1993''] on WorldCat</ref>Berlin o. J. (together with [[Conny Restle]])
* ''Harfen des Berliner Musikinstrumentenmusems'', Bestandskatalog in cooperation with Beat Wolf, Wolfgang Mertin, Rainer M. Thurau. Ed.: Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin 1999

== References ==


== External links ==
* [https://ift.tt/39Pfwae Dagmar Drysen: Mit Wäschekörben in den Osten] on the site of the [[Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz]].
*





[[Category:German musicologists]]
[[Category:Women musicologists]]
[[Category:Directors of museums in Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from North Rhine-Westphalia]]

February 22, 2020 at 08:28PM

Coronavirus Cases Surge in South Korean City; Thousands Screened

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Coronavirus Cases Surge in South Korean City; Thousands Screened

South Korea on Saturday reported an eight-fold jump in viral infections in four days to 433, most of them linked to a church and a hospital in and around the country's fourth-largest city, where health workers scrambled to screen more than 9,000 worshipers.

There's concern that the death toll, currently at two, could grow. Virus patients with signs of pneumonia or other serious conditions at the Cheongdo hospital were transferred to other facilities, 17 of them in critical condition, Vice Health Minister Kim Gang-lip told reporters.

He said the outbreak had entered a serious new phase, but still expressed cautious optimism that it can be contained to the region surrounding Daegu, where the first case was reported Tuesday.

Medical workers wearing protective gear carry a patient infected with the COVID-19 coronavirus at a hospital in Chuncheon, Feb. 22, 2020.

Latest front: Daegu

Of the 229 new cases in South Korea, 200 are from Daegu and nearby regions, which have emerged as the latest front in the widening global fight against the virus.

By Saturday morning, the city of 2.5 million and nearby areas counted 352 cases, including the two fatalities in the Cheongdo hospital.

The central government has declared the area as a "special management zone" and is channeling support to ease a shortage in hospital beds, medical personnel and equipment.

"Although we are beginning to see some more cases nationwide, infections are still sporadic outside of the special management zone of Daegu and North Gyeongsang Province," Kim said during a briefing. He called for maintaining strong border controls to prevent infections from China and elsewhere from entering South Korea.

FILE - A man wearing a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus walks past a branch of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony in Daegu, South Korea, Feb. 21, 2020.

Ballooning problem

Nationwide, the numbers told of a ballooning problem. There were 20 new cases reported Wednesday, 53 on Thursday and 100 on Friday.

Around 230 of those have been directly linked to a single house of worship, a Daegu branch of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, where a woman in her 60s attended two services before testing positive for the virus.

Officials are also investigating a possible link between churchgoers and the spike in infections at the Cheongdo hospital, where more than 110 people have been infected so far, mostly patients at a mental illness ward.

Health officials were screening some 9,300 church followers, and said that 1,261 of them have exhibited cough and other symptoms.

Among them, four had traveled abroad in recent months including one to China, although that trip came in early January and was away from Hubei.

All 74 sites operated by the Shincheonji Church have been closed and worshipers have been told to instead watch services online for a sect whose leader claims to be an angel of Christ, but who is dismissed by many outsiders as a cult leader. Its teachings revolve largely around the Book of Revelation, a chapter of the New Testament known mostly for its apocalyptic foreshadowing.

Health and city officials say the woman who first tested positive had contact with about 1,160 people, both at the church, a restaurant and a hospital where she was treated for injuries from a car accident.

But officials say it's unlikely that the woman set off the chain of infections, and that she was probably just the first person to be detected in an area where the virus was circulating in the population.

Police officers wearing face masks stand guard during a rally in downtown Seoul, South Korea, Feb. 22, 2020. South Korea on Saturday reported a six-fold jump in viral infections in four days to 433.

Military cases

Anxiety is also palpable in other parts of the country. In the capital, Seoul, the fear of the virus led many to avoid shops and restaurants and instead eat at home and order necessities online. Buses and subways were full of mask-clad commuters.

Seoul City banned rallies downtown but hundreds went ahead with an anti-government protest at Gwanghwamun boulevard Saturday.

The first three cases in the country's 600,000-member military also sprung up on separate bases Friday, bringing added concern. A sailor on Jeju Island and an army officer in North Chungcheong province both tested positive. Both had made recent visits to Daegu, officials said. A third infection was reported in an air force officer who is based in Daegu but who had recently traveled to military headquarters in central South Korea, the defense ministry said, prompting the quarantine of 80 soldiers there.

A U.S. Army garrison in Daegu restricted access and imposed self-quarantine for American troops.

Elsewhere

Among a dozen new cases in Japan was a middle school teacher in her 60s, prompting concern for the health of other teachers and students in Makuhari in Chiba prefecture southeast of Tokyo. Chiba Mayor Toshihito Kumagai said the school was closed and all teachers will be tested and students monitored.

Globally, more than 77,000 people have been infected in 29 countries, and more than 2,300 have died. Italian authorities say a 78-year-old man died of the disease and the number of people infected has more than quadrupled because of an emerging cluster of cases in the country's north. Many of the new cases represented the first infections in Italy acquired through secondary contagion and brought the country's total to 19.

In the United States, 35 people have tested positive for the virus, including 18 who returned home from a quarantined cruise ship in Japan and one new case reported Friday in California.

The United Arab Emirates on Saturday said two more people, a Filipino and a Bangladeshi, were infected, bringing the country's toll to 11 cases.

Saudi Arabia barred travel to Iran and said anyone coming from there can enter only after a 14-day quarantine. The decision directly impacts thousands of Iranians who travel to Mecca and Medina for Islamic pilgrimages, effectively barring them from the kingdom.

Iran has reported four deaths for a total of 18 cases.

China new cases slow 

In some positive news, China said Saturday the daily count of new virus cases there fell significantly to 397, though another 109 people died of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new virus. Most of the new cases and all but three of the deaths were in Hubei province, where the outbreak started.

The new figures, along with an upward revision of Hubei's earlier count, brought the total number of cases in mainland China to 76,288 with 2,345 deaths. China has severely restricted travel and imposed strict quarantine measures to stop the virus from spreading.
 

February 22, 2020 at 06:10PM

Democratic Presidential Candidates Compete in Nevada Caucus

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Democratic Presidential Candidates Compete in Nevada Caucus

Voters in the Western U.S. state of Nevada gather for caucuses at 250 locations Saturday to have their say in who will be the Democratic Party's nominee to oppose Republican President Donald Trump in the November national election.

Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders is the favorite in Nevada, where public opinion polls showed him with a clear lead above the next tier of candidates.

Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., walks onstage to speak at a campaign event at Springs Preserve in Las Vegas, Feb. 21, 2020.

Sanders is looking to build on the early momentum his campaign has experienced with strong finishes in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary earlier this month.

The same is true for former South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, who was atop the race in Iowa along with Sanders and finished a close second in New Hampshire.

Slightly ahead of Buttigieg in polls, but seeking a strong Nevada result after slower starts in the early voting states are former Vice President Joe Biden and Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren.

Bloomberg joins fray

Democratic presidential candidate former Vice President Joe Biden, center, meets with supporters at a rally, Feb. 21, 2020, in Las Vegas.

In early October, Biden and Warren were together leading national polls in the Democratic race. But they experienced a drop in support as Sanders moved in front and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg joined the competition with hundreds of millions of dollars in advertising that propelled him to strong polling numbers.

According to polls, the other major contenders in Nevada are Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar and billionaire Tom Steyer.

Klobuchar surprised in New Hampshire with a third-place finish, afterward celebrating her campaign as an underestimated one that has "beaten the odds every step of the way."

Democratic presidential candidate U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass.,speaks during a town hall, Feb. 21, 2020, in Las Vegas.

Big early turnout

Democrats are hoping the Nevada caucus process goes more smoothly than the one in Iowa, where a problem with a new smartphone app and clogged phone lines caused long delays in reporting any results. After the counting stretched on for days, Iowa state party chairman Tony Price resigned.

Officials in Nevada are expressing confidence in the systems they have place, with state party chief William McCurdy telling reporters, "We will be successful."

"We've done a lot of work here, and what happened in Iowa will not be in Nevada," McCurdy said. "As soon as we heard what was happening on the ground in Iowa, we put our heads down and we got to work, and we made sure that we put together a process, and allowed for the training for our volunteers and our precinct chairs to have the ability to feel confident."

One factor that may help in Nevada is that the state allowed early voting this year, drawing a large number of people over four days.

The Nevada State Democratic Party said nearly 75,000 people participated in the early voting. That compares to about 84,000 people who took part in the Democratic primary in 2016.

Democratic presidential candidate former South Bend, Ind., Mayor Pete Buttigieg meets with people after a roundtable event with Nevada environmental activists and Native American leaders, Feb. 21, 2020, in Las Vegas.

McCurdy said the party was "really thrilled for the turnout."

Delegates apportioned

The caucus process works differently from the national presidential election in which voters pick only one candidate to support.

At the caucuses, voters make their initial candidate choice, after which officials tally up the results and disqualify those candidates who do not meet a required threshold. Those whose candidates were tossed from the race then have the opportunity to move to another candidate and be counted among their supporters in the final results.

Unlike many of the states in the national election, the state primary and caucus contests award delegates to candidates on a proportional basis, so even coming in second or third can be valuable in amassing the support needed to march to an eventual victory at the Democratic Party's national convention in July.

Nevada has 36 pledged delegates at stake Saturday.

So far, Buttigieg leads the race with 22 delegates from Iowa and New Hampshire, followed by Sanders with 21; Warren, eight; Klobuchar, seven, and Biden, six.

More diverse electorate

The Nevada caucus is an opportunity for those who have support among a more diverse electorate to make up ground after competing in two states that are overwhelmingly white. Nevada's population is about 29% Hispanic, 10% African American and 10% Asian.

After a primary election in the Southern state of South Carolina February 29, the race will accelerate.

March 3 brings voting in 14 states, including delegate-rich California and Texas, along with the U.S. territory American Samoa and Democrats voting abroad. A total of 1,357 pledged delegates are at stake that day.

To clinch the nomination, a candidate needs to earn 1,991 pledged delegates.

Republicans will officially select their candidate, the incumbent Trump, at their convention in August.

February 22, 2020 at 02:09PM

Kamal Chandra

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Kamal Chandra

Anish1121: +Category:Film directors; +Category:Writers using HotCat

---

'''Kamal Chandra''' is an Indian film director.<ref></ref> Kamal started his career with [[Sudhir Mishra]]'s '[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]' as an actor and assistant director.<ref></ref> He was also a associate director in Rajkumar Rao film [[Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana]].<ref></ref>

He recently files police complaint against famous actor [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] under Section 420 (cheating) and 406 (breach of trust).<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2) Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref><ref> 🎥 LatestLY|date=2019-11-05|website=LatestLY|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref> He also directed the movie Marksheet satrring [[Mahesh Bhatt]] unravel the rackets existing in the education system.<ref> News NYOOOZ ENTERTAINMENT|last=NYOOOZ|website=NYOOOZ|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref> 🎥 LatestLY|date=2019-11-05|website=LatestLY|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Currently he is working on Bollywood film Boondi Raita starring [[Himansh Kohli]], [[Sonnalli Seygall]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Neeraj Sood]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Alka Amin]]. <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

[[Category:Film directors]]
[[Category:Writers]]

February 22, 2020 at 03:55PM

Backpackers to Boost Australian Bushfire Recovery

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Backpackers to Boost Australian Bushfire Recovery

Australia hopes visa changes will encourage foreign backpackers to join the mammoth bushfire recovery effort. The working vacationers would be allowed to stay longer under new rules if they help in disaster-hit areas.

The scale of Australia's recovery from the bushfire crisis is immense. Since July, almost 16 million hectares of land have been scorched. Lives and livelihoods have been lost, along with thousands of homes.

The government says overseas backpackers will be crucial in helping to rebuild homes, roads and farms, as well as helping with demolition, land clearing and repairing railways.

Acting Immigration Minister Alan Tudge says young foreign travelers have a big part to play in the recovery effort.

"There is so much work to do," Tudge said. "We need all hands on deck and that includes the international backpackers who we know want to make their contribution as well."

FILE - A bushfire burns in Bodalla, New South Wales, Jan. 25, 2020. Wildfires destroyed more than 3,000 homes and razed more than 10.6 million hectares (26 million acres) since September.

Temporary visa changes will make it easier for working vacationers to stay longer in Australia if they work or volunteer in a disaster area. The measures have gone down well.

"I think it is wonderful because Australia needs this thing to reforest all the bushfires," one backpacker said.

"I am thrilled," a woman added. "I think it is a great idea. I just wished it would have happened sooner whether it is planting trees, helping the animals, something like that."

Australia's working holiday visa program gives young people between the ages of 18 and 30 the chance to take up short-term employment for up to three years.

The scheme is popular with travelers from many countries, including Britain, Taiwan, Germany, South Korea and France.

February 22, 2020 at 03:24PM

Ben Affleck shares what he's looking for in his next relationship: 'All the sort of usual stuff'

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Ben Affleck shares what he's looking for in his next relationship: 'All the sort of usual stuff' Ben Affleck is sharing the way into his heart. 
February 22, 2020 at 12:18PM

Cyberthefts Help North Korea Offset Revenue Lost to Sanctions

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Cyberthefts Help North Korea Offset Revenue Lost to Sanctions

North Korea made up nearly $2 billion of revenue it lost from sanctions by conducting cyberthefts from financial institutions and cryptocurrency exchanges, an expert said. 

The government's engagement in illicit cyberoperations such as thefts has been "undercutting the effectiveness of sanctions," said Troy Stangarone, senior director of the Korea Economic Institute. 

North Korea lost approximately $1.5 billion to $2 billion annually from 2018 to 2019 because of sanctions, said Stangarone, who estimated the figures by comparing export revenues, mostly from China, before and after major export sanctions were imposed on North Korea in 2016. 

Beginning that year, the U.N. Security Council passed several resolutions banning North Korea from exporting commodities, such as coal, textiles and seafood, that became key sources of income supporting its nuclear weapons program. 

FILE - The U.N. Security Council votes on a sanctions resolution against North Korea, Aug. 5, 2017.

According to a report released by the U.N. Panel of Experts in August 2019, North Korea generated as much as $2 billion by conducting cyberattacks on banks and cryptocurrency exchanges, offsetting the amount the regime lost from sanctions. 

North Korea's state-sponsored hackers conducted online bank and cryptocurrency heists in 17 countries, including Bangladesh, Chile, India, Poland, South Korea and South Africa, according to the U.N. report. 

Communications system exploited

The hackers stole money from banks by gaining access to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) system. They exploited the system to execute fraudulent transactions by transferring funds to dummy accounts set up under their control, the U.N. report said. 

The report indicated that North Korea also has increasingly turned toward stealing from cryptocurrency exchanges that have less oversight and fewer regulations than the traditional banking sector. Cryptocurrency is an electronic form of money that exists only virtually in digital form as a medium of exchange to conduct financial transactions. 

"If sanctions are going to have the type of effects that we hope, there's going to need to be effort made to try and cut off these illicit avenues," Stangarone said. 

FILE - A photo illustration of the Bitfinex cryptocurrency exchange website.

He said the international community has yet to put in place "firm measures" that would limit North Korea's "ability to exploit things like cryptocurrency." 

Stangarone said that although banks have "more robust systems in place to prevent theft, it doesn't mean that they are invulnerable." 

On Wednesday, a State Department spokesperson told VOA's Korean service that it is "deeply concerned about the DPRK's malicious cyber activities, which pose a significant threat to the United States and the broader international community." 

The DPRK stands for North Korea's official name, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 

Quoting from the 2019 World Threat Assessment published by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the spokesperson said, "North Korea continues to use cyber capabilities to steal from financial institutions to generate revenue." 

According to a report issued by the Massachusetts-based cybersecurity firm Recorded Future's Insikt Group last week,  internet use by North Korean senior leadership to conduct cyberattacks has soared 300% since 2017. 

The report, How North Korea Revolutionized the Internet as a Tool for Rogue Regimes, said the regime has grown sophisticated in masking its illicit virtual activities. 

"North Korea has developed an internet-based model for circumventing international financial controls and sanctions regimes imposed on it by multinational organizations and the West," the report said. 

Insikt Group said North Korea's large-scale cryptocurrency theft took place on South Korean cryptocurrency exchanges. 

Inside target network

To conduct online banking theft, the report said, "Attackers likely spent anywhere from nine to 18 months inside a target network conducting further reconnaissance, moving laterally, escalating privileges, studying each organization's specific SWIFT instances and disabling security procedures." 

Although North Korea has turned increasingly to cryptocurrency theft because of its less regulated system, Stangarone said, "because the value of cryptocurrency is highly volatile, it is less useful for Pyongyang than its cyberattacks on banks." 

In 2016, North Korea made off with $81 million from Bangladesh's central bank by exploiting the bank's SWIFT interbanking system, according to cybersecurity firm Kaspersky Lab, as reported by Reuters.

Baik Sung-won contributed to this report, which originated in VOA's Korean service.

February 22, 2020 at 11:34AM

Gold found in UP

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Gold found in UP
February 22, 2020 at 06:00AM

New US Immigration Rule Sparks Questions

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New US Immigration Rule Sparks Questions

After getting a preliminary green light from the U.S. Supreme Court in January, the Trump administration is set to subject immigrants to heightened scrutiny based on their perceived likelihood to rely on America's public assistance programs, what some critics call a wealth test. 

Beginning Monday, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will begin implementing the public charge rule, under which low-income immigrants can be denied legal residency, visas or admission into the United States. The rule is being challenged in federal courts, but the Supreme Court allowed it to go into effect, pending the outcome of litigation. 

Which factors will be considered under the public charge rule? 

Mark Greenberg, senior fellow at the Migration Policy Institute, said USCIS will be looking at a wide range of factors, including an immigrant's age, education, work history, family structure, English language skills and income. 

"All trying to make a judgment if this person is likely to use public benefits at some future point in their life," he said. 

The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services logo.

Does the rule apply to all immigrants? 

The rule does not apply to U.S. residents seeking to become U.S. citizens. It also does not apply to certain U.S. visa holders, including those who are in the United States to assist in the investigation or prosecution of crimes. In addition, U.S. officials have said the public charge interpretation would not apply to people who already have green cards, to certain members of the military, refugees, asylum-seekers, pregnant women or children. 

Which benefits would cause an immigrant to be regarded as a public charge? 

Broadly speaking, any federal, state or local cash assistance program, including Supplemental Security Income, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and general assistance programs for income maintenance. In addition, use of programs designed to help the poor afford food, housing and medical expenses could also trigger a public charge finding. 

What formula will USCIS use to determine a public charge? 

A person may be deemed a public charge if he or she has used one or more public benefits for more than 12 months within any 36-month period. Under the rule, receiving two benefits in one month counts as two months of consuming public resources. 

What types of visas will fall under the rule? 

According to USCIS, the rule will apply to all applicants for any type of visa and people within the United States who hold nonimmigrant visas "and seek to extend their stay in the same nonimmigrant classification or to change their status to a different nonimmigrant classification."

Critics of the rule said they expect immigration officers to look more closely at those applying for legal U.S. residency, also known as a green card. 

"The discretionary consideration of these factors under the new rule will impact green card applicants from low-income families," the Immigrant Legal Resource Center said in an online posting, adding that the rule "will likely be applied inconsistently and cause fewer legal immigrants to enter the United States."

Under U.S. law, a legal permanent resident can qualify for federal benefits after a waiting period. In most cases, the individual must wait five years after achieving residency to apply for government assistance.  

FILE - A Salvadoran woman fills in her application for a green card while waiting in line outside an immigration office in Los Angeles.

Is the public charge rule a new concept? 

U.S. statutes dating to the 1800s set forth that immigrants must be self-sufficient. Greenberg said that for more than 20 years U.S. immigration officers have looked at whether someone was likely to be primarily dependent on government for cash assistance or long-term institutionalization. 

"So, it was a pretty narrow test, because it's not just looking at, 'Would you ever receive … ,' but 'Are you likely to be primarily dependent on the government?' " Greenberg said, adding the new interpretation of the rule mandates scrutiny of a wider array of public benefits that would not have triggered a public charge finding in the past. 

What is the administration's justification for the public charge rule? 

The Trump administration contends the United States should welcome immigrants based on demonstrated merit. 

"Self-sufficiency and self-reliance are key American values not to be litigiously dismissed, but to be encouraged and adopted by the next generation of immigrants," acting Homeland Security Deputy Secretary Ken Cuccinelli said in a statement. 

Cuccinelli said the administration plans "to fully implement this rule" and is confident the policy will survive pending legal challenges. 

Greenberg, of the Migration Policy Institute, said a common misconception is that people with green cards or visas receive public benefits.  

"The reality is that the way that our benefits laws are set up … many of them are simply ineligible for public benefits," he said. 

February 22, 2020 at 10:42AM

Greg Gutfeld rips Democrats, claim they 'undermine national security' with Russia accusations

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Greg Gutfeld rips Democrats, claim they 'undermine national security' with Russia accusations Geraldo Rivera, Tammy Bruce and Greg Gutfeld weighed in on accusations that President Trump is benefiting from Russian interference to ensure his reelection in November.
February 22, 2020 at 09:22AM

XXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

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XXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

Ted52: ←Created page with 'The '''XXV Army Corps''' () was an army corps of Germany's Wehrmacht during World War II. == Histo...'

---

The '''XXV Army Corps''' () was an [[Corps|army corps]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany's]] [[Wehrmacht]] during [[World War II]].

== History ==
The XXV Army Corps was established as a reserve command staff in the [[Upper Rhine]] border region in 1938. This staff was mobilized as ''Generalkommando Oberrhein'' on 26 August 1939 and renamed XXV Army Corps on 17 September 1939. It was initially part of the [[7th Army (Wehrmacht)|7th Army]] ([[Friedrich Dollmann|Dollmann]]) under [[Army Group C]] ([[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb|von Leeb]]), tasked with guarding the Franco-German border. The division remained in the Upper Rhine area until the [[Battle of France]] in June 1940.<ref name=":1"></ref>

After the Battle of France, the XXV Army Corps became part of the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation force in France]]. It served briefly under the [[12th Army (Wehrmacht)|12th Army]] ([[Wilhelm List]]) between May and June 1940. Subsequently, the XXV Army Corps served a three-month tenure under the guidance of the [[1st Army (Wehrmacht)|1st Army]] between September and November 1940. Under both the 12th and 1st Armies, the XXV Army Corps was on occupation duty in Eastern France. On the rearend of that service, the corps switched from Army Group C to [[Army Group D]] ([[Erwin von Witzleben]], the [[OB West]]). Under Army Group D, the XXV Army Corps was reassigned to the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]] ([[Walther von Reichenau|von Reichenau]]), where it remained between December 1940 and April 1941. Under the 6th Army, the XXV Army Corps was redeployed from eastern France to the country's northwest.<ref name=":1" />

In May 1941, the XXV Army Corps returned to the control of its initial superior formation, the 7th Army (Dollmann). It would remain under the 7th Army until July 1944. The corps was moved to the [[Brittany]] region.<ref name=":1" />

== Noteworthy individuals ==

* [[Alfred Wäger]], corps commander from August 1939 to November 1939.
* [[Karl Ritter von Prager]], corps commander from November 1939 to May 1942.
* [[Wilhelm Fahrmbacher]], corps commander from May 1942 to June 1944 and again from June 1944 until surrender.
* [[Dietrich von Choltitz]], corps commander in June 1944. Later instrumental in the [[Liberation of Paris]].

== Organizational chart ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Organizational chart of the XXV Army Corps<ref name=":1" />
!<u>Year</u>
!<u>Date</u>
!<u>Subordinate Divisions</u><ref name=":12"></ref><ref name=":122"></ref><ref name=":123"></ref><ref name=":124"></ref>
!<u>Army</u>
!<u>Army Group</u>
!<u>Operational Area</u>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1939
|26 August
|''None''
| rowspan="6" |[[7th Army (Wehrmacht)|7th Army]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Army Group C]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Upper Rhine]]
|-
|16 October
|[[260th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|260th Infantry]], [[14th Landwehr Division (Wehrmacht)|14th Landwehr]], [[78th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|78th Infantry]], [[215th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|215th Infantry]]
|-
|4 December
|260th Infantry, 14th Landwehr, [[95th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|95th Infantry]], [[96th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|96th Infantry]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |1940
|17 January
|260th Infantry, [[205th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|205th Infantry]], [[212th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|212th Infantry]], [[246th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|246th Infantry]]
|-
|10 May
| rowspan="2" |[[555th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|555th Infantry]], [[557th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|557th Infantry]]
|-
|9 June
|-
|21 July
|260th Infantry, [[23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|23rd Infantry]]
| rowspan="2" |[[12th Army (Wehrmacht)|12th Army]]
| rowspan="5" |Eastern [[France]]
|-
|1 August
|215th Infantry, [[73rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|73rd Infantry]]
|-
|13 September
| rowspan="3" |[[Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland|Großdeutschland]], 73rd Infantry, [[1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler|1st SS Panzer]], [[169th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|169th Infantry]], [[167th Infantry Division (German)|167th Infantry]]
| rowspan="3" |[[1st Army (Wehrmacht)|1st Army]]
|-
|7 October
|-
|November
| rowspan="42" |[[Army Group D]]
|-
|12 December
| rowspan="2" |[[290th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|290th Infantry]], [[211th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|211th Infantry]], [[61st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|61st Infantry]]
| rowspan="5" |[[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]]
| rowspan="5" |Northwestern France
|-
| rowspan="12" |1941
|15 January
|-
|10 February
|290th Infantry, 211th Infantry
|-
|12 March
| rowspan="2" |205th Infantry, 211th Infantry
|-
|5 April
|-
|1 May
|212th Infantry, 205th Infantry, 211th Infantry, [[83rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|83rd Infantry]]
| rowspan="39" |7th Army
| rowspan="39" |[[Brittany]]
|-
|5 June
|[[709th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|709th Infantry]], [[332nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|332nd Infantry]], 205th Infantry, 211th Infantry
|-
|1 July
| rowspan="3" |[[712th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|712th Infantry]], 205th Infantry, 211th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|7 August
|-
|3 September
|-
|2 October
| rowspan="2" |205th Infantry, 211th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|4 November
|-
|4 December
|[[327th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|327th Infantry]], 205th Infantry, 211th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
| rowspan="12" |1942
|2 January
|205th Infantry, 211th Infantry, [[335th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|335th Infantry]], 709th Infantry
|-
|6 February
| rowspan="2" |332nd Infantry, [[305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|305th Infantry]], 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|10 March
|-
|5 April
|[[336th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|336th Infantry]], [[333rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|333rd Infantry]], 305th Infantry, 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|11 May
|336th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|8 June
|[[1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring|1st Parachute Panzer]], 333rd Infantry, [[Panzerbrigade 100]], [[17th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|17th Infantry]], 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|4 July
|333rd Infantry, 17th Infantry, 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|5 August
|337th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, 17th Infantry, 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|2 September
|[[6th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|6th Panzer]], 1st Parachute Panzer, 709th Infantry, 337th Infantry, 335th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, [[182nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|182nd Infantry]], 17th Infantry
|-
|8 October
|6th Panzer, 1st Parachute Panzer, 337th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, 182nd Infantry, 17th Infantry, [[257th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|257th Infantry]], 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|5 November
|[[346th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|346th Infantry]], [[161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|161st Infantry]], [[343rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|343rd Infantry]], 333rd Infantry, 182nd Infantry, 17th Infantry, 257th Infantry, 335th Infantry, 709th Infantry
|-
|1 December
|257th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, 17th Infantry
|-
| rowspan="12" |1943
|1 January
|257th Infantry, 333rd Infantry, 17th Infantry, [[38th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|38th Infantry]]
|-
|3 February
|257th Infantry, [[17th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht)|17th LFD]], 17th Infantry, 38th Infantry
|-
|4 March
|17th Infantry, 38th Infantry, 257th Infantry
|-
|9 April
|[[94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|94th Infantry]]
|-
|1 May
|[[76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|76th Infantry]], 94th Infantry, [[113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|113th Infantry]]
|-
|1 June
|76th Infantry
|-
|7 July
|[[384th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|384th Infantry]]
|-
|5 August
|38th Infantry, [[265th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|265th Infantry]], 343rd Infantry
|-
|5 September
|384th Infantry, 265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry
|-
|4 October
| rowspan="4" |[[243rd Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|243rd Infantry]], 265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry
|-
|8 November
|-
|3 December
|-
| rowspan="9" |1944
|1 January
|-
|12 February
|[[275th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|275th Infantry]], 265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry
|-
|11 March
| rowspan="3" |275th Infantry, 265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry, [[353rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|353rd Infantry]]
|-
|15 April
|-
|15 May
| rowspan="3" |[[Army Group B]]
|-
|12 June
|[[2nd Parachute Division (Germany)|2nd Parachute]], 275th Infantry, 265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry
|-
|17 July
|265th Infantry, 343rd Infantry
|-
|August – October
| rowspan="3" |265th Infantry
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''Directly under [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]]''
| rowspan="3" |Lorient [[Atlantic pockets|pocket]]
|-
|November – December
|-
|1945
|January – April
|}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Corps of Germany in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1938]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

February 22, 2020 at 09:13AM