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Sussex in the High Middle Ages
Peetred: /* Reign of King John (1199-1216) */ removed incorrect links
'''Sussex in the High Middle Ages''' includes the history of [[Sussex]] from the Norman Conquest in 1066 until the death of King John, considered by some to be the last of the Angevin kings of England, in 1216.
==Political history==
===Normans (1066-1154)===
====Norman conquest and reign of William I (1066-1087)====
[[File:Harold stone.JPG|thumb|250px|right|alt=Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.|The traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died]]
[[File:2083004 cb788d1c.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067|Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067]]
[[File:Anthropic Farm Units.png|thumb|250px|right|alt=This derivative work depicts six historical units of land measurement: the furlong, the rod, the oxgang, the virgate, the carucate, and the acre. |Division of farm land]]
=====Landing=====
They landed at [[Pevensey]] in [[Sussex]] on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at [[Hastings]], from which they raided the surrounding area.<ref name=Bates79>Bates ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 79–89</ref> This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding.<ref name=Marren98>Marren ''1066'' p. 98</ref>
=====Battle of Hastings=====
On Friday, 13 October 1066, [[Harold Godwinson]] and his English army arrived at [[Senlac Hill]] just outside Hastings, to face William of Normandy and his invading army.<ref name="seward5">Seward. Sussex. pp. 5–7.</ref> On 14 October 1066, during the ensuing battle, Harold was killed and the English defeated.<ref name="seward5"/> It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's [[thegns]] were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.<ref name="seward5"/> The Normans buried their dead in mass graves. There were reports that the bones of some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside some years later. It was believed that it would not be possible to recover any remaining bones from the battle field area, in modern times, as they would have disappeared due to the acidic soil.<ref name=past6>Edwina Livesay. Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result ''in'' Sussex Past and Present Number 133. p. 6</ref> However, a skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally thought to be associated with the 13th century [[Battle of Lewes]] turned out to be contemporary with the Norman invasion.<ref name=sac148>For detail on the excavation see Luke Barber and Lucy Siburn. The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex ''in'' SAC Vol. 148. pp. 79-109</ref> Skeleton 180 had sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. Skeleton 180 was one of 123 remains found in a medieval cemetery belonging to the Hospital of St Nicholas, which was run by monks from [[Lewes Priory]]. Many of the excavated skeletons exhibited the tell tale signs of a range of diseases common in that era, including leprosy, but only Skeleton 180 had died from head injuries. The reason why historians had originally thought that skeleton 180 was involved in the battle of Lewes is because the hospital was situated at the epicentre of the conflict. What had puzzled archaeologists though, was that most of the victims of the battle had been buried in mass grave pits dug next to the battle itself; these pits had been discovered by road builders in the 19th century. Analysis now continues on the other remains found, at the site of the hospital, to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals were.<ref name=past6 />
=====Aftermath=====
Sussex was the first area to be systematically 'Normanised'.<ref></ref> After regrouping following the battle of Hastings, William headed to Kent and London with his main army while detachments were sent into Sussex to act as a rearguard. The Domesday Book of 1086 shows a significant drop in recorded values along the line of the army's route through Sussex to Lewes and on via [[Keymer]], [[Hurstpierpoint]], [[Steyning]] and [[Arundel]] to [[Chichester]] where they were met by secondary Norman forces that landed around [[Chichester Harbour]]<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> or [[Selsey]] and continued westwards to [[Winchester]] in Hampshire and [[Wallingford]], Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).<ref></ref> A motte and bailey castle was built at [[Edburton]] soon after October 1066.
In 1067 William sailed Pevensey to begin his triumphant tour of Normandy. Whilst at Pevensey, William seemed to make a show of distributing lands to his followers in front of a number of Anglo-Saxon noblemen who had their lands taken away.
=====Consequences=====
Members of King Harold Godwinson's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England. The largest single exodus occurred in the 1070s, when a group of Anglo-Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers, as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries. The English became the predominant element in the elite [[Varangian Guard]], until then a largely Scandinavian unit, from which the emperor's bodyguard was drawn. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the [[Black Sea]] coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York.
The county was of great importance to the Normans; Hastings and Pevensey being on the most direct route for Normandy.<ref name="armstrong48"></ref> It was also necessary to guard Sussex and England from attack - to prevent raids by Danes and partly to prevent attack by the sons of Harold Godwinson,<ref></ref> as Sussex was a stronghold of the Godwin family.
Because of this the county was divided into five new baronies, called [[Rape (county subdivision)|rapes]], each with at least one town and a castle.<ref name="leslie34"/> This enabled the ruling group of Normans to control the manorial revenues and thus the greater part of the county's wealth.<ref name="leslie34"/>
William, the Conqueror gave these rapes to five of his most trusted Barons:<ref name="armstrong48"/> All were Normans who were close to William, with the exception of William de Braose, about whom little is known.<ref></ref>
* Roger of Montgomery - the combined Rapes of Chichester and Arundel.
* William de Braose - [[Rape of Bramber]].
* William de Warenne - Rape of Lewes
* Robert, Count of Mortain - Rape of Pevensey
* Robert, [[Count of Eu]] - Rape of Hastings
William built [[Battle Abbey]] at the site of the battle of Hastings, and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar.<ref name="seward5"/> In 1070, [[Pope Alexander II]] ordered the [[Normans]] to do penance for killing so many people during their [[Norman conquest|conquest of England]]. In response, [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] vowed to build an [[abbey]] where the [[Battle of Hastings]] had taken place, with the high [[altar]] of its church on the supposed spot where King [[Harold Godwinson|Harold]] fell in that battle on Saturday, 14 October 1066. William I had ruled that the church of St Martin of Battle was to be exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction, putting it on the level of Canterbury.
Norman influence was already strong in Sussex before the Conquest: the [[abbey of Fécamp]] had interest in the harbours of [[Hastings]], Rye, Winchelsea and Steyning; while the estate of [[Bosham]] was held by a Norman chaplain to [[Edward the Confessor]].<ref name="leslie34">Mark Gardiner and Heather Warne. Domesday Settlement ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical Atlas. pp. 34–35</ref> After the Norman conquest the 387 manors, that had been in Saxon hands, were replaced by just 16 heads of manors.<ref name="leslie34"/><ref name="horsfield77"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width:50%; text-align:center;"
|- align=center
! width="10pt"|
! width="200pt"style="text-align: center;"|The owners of Sussex post 1066<ref name="horsfield77">Horsfield. The History of the county of Sussex. Volume I. pp. 77–78</ref>
! width="20pt"style="text-align: center;"|Number of manors
|- valign=top
<!--Next row -->
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||1||[[William the Conqueror|William I]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||2||[[Lanfranc]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]||8
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||3||[[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand, Bishop of Selsey<sup>*</sup>]]||9
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||4||[[Gilbert Crispin|Gilbert, Abbot of Westminster]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||5||[[Fécamp Abbey|Abbot of Fécamp]]||3
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||6||[[Osbern FitzOsbern|Osborn, Bishop of Exeter]]||4
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||7||Abbot of Winchester||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||8||Gauspert, [[Abbot of Battle]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||9||Abbot of [[Shaftesbury Abbey|St Edward's]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|10||Ode<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||11||Eldred<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||12||[[William II, Count of Eu|William son of Robert, Count of Eu]]||108
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||13||[[Robert, Count of Mortain]] ||81
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||14||[[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]]||43
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||15||[[William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber|William de Braose]]||38
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||16||[[Roger of Montgomery|Roger, Earl of Montgomery]]||83
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|||align="right"| '''Total'''||'''387'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |<small>Notes:<br/> * The See was moved from Selsey to Chichester during Stigands tenure.<br/>** Ode and Eldred were Saxon Lords.</small>
|}
The 16 people, in charge of the manors, were known as the ''[[Tenant-in-chief|Tenentes in capite]]'' in other words the chief tenants who held their land directly from the crown.<ref name="horsfield77"/><ref name="friar429">Friar. The Sutton Companion to Local History. p. 429</ref> The list includes nine ecclesiasticals although the portion of their landholding is quite small and was virtually no different from that under Edward the Confessor.<ref name="horsfield77"/> Two of the lords were Englishmen, Ode, who had been a pre-Conquest treasurer, and his brother Eldred.<ref name=brandon193>Dennis Haselgrove. The Domesday Record of Sussex ''in'' Brandon's South Saxons. p. 193</ref> This means that 353 of the 387 manors in Sussex would have been wrested from their Saxon owners and given to Norman Lords by William the Conqueror<ref name="horsfield77"/>
Historically the land holdings of each Saxon lord had been scattered, but now the lords lands were determined by the borders of the rape.<ref name="brandon190">Brandon. The South Saxons. Chapter IX. The Domesday Record of Sussex</ref> The unit of land, known as the [[Hide (unit)|hide]], in Sussex had eight instead of the usual four [[virgate]]s,(a virgate being equal to the amount of land two oxen can plough in a season).<ref name="brandon190"/>
====Reign of William II (1087-1100)====
Following the death of William the Conqueror in 1087, [[William Rufus]], the third son of William the Conqueror, took the kingship in 1088, separating it from his brother [[Robert Curthose]], who remained Duke of Normandy.<ref></ref> In the [[rebellion of 1088]], the rebels, led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers [[Odo of Bayeux]]<ref name=blog></ref> and [[Robert, Count of Mortain]], and lord of the [[rape of Pevensey]], with Odo the stronger of the two and the leader, decided to band together to dispose of young King William II and unite Normandy and England under a single king, the eldest Duke Robert.
To achieve this Rufus had to secure Sussex and Kent against a retaliatory strike by Robert, who was based in Normandy. The lord of the rape of Lewes, [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]], was loyal to Rufus; [[Robert, Count of Mortain|Robert de Mortain]], lord of the rape of Pevensey, supported the rebel, Robert; [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomery]], lord of the rape of Arundel, waited, initially supporting Robert but later switching his support to Rufus. The forces of Rufus and de Warenne surrounded [[Pevensey Castle]] in a six-week siege, starving its inhabitants and capturing the rebel leader [[Odo of Bayeux|Odo]]. De Warenne, lord of Lewes, was mortally wounded at Pevensey, dying at [[Lewes]] on 24 June 1088 .<ref>G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), pp. 494–95.</ref><ref>Hyde Abbey, ''Liber Monasterii de Hyda: Comprising a Chronicle of the affairs of England'', ed. Edward Edwards (Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, 1866), p. 299.</ref> De Mortain was pardoned and continued as lord of Pevensey.
====Reign of Henry I (1100-1135)====
Pevensey remained important and in 1101 [[Henry I]] spent the summer there in anticipation of attack from Duke Robert.
====Reign of Stephen (1135-1154) including the Anarchy (1135-1153)====
1139 Siege of Arundel - part of the events of [[the Anarchy]].
[[File:A Chronicle of England - Page 149 - Matilda is Permitted to Retire from Arundel.jpg|thumb|Depiction from [[James William Edmund Doyle]] from 1864 of King Stephen's forces allowing Empress Matilda to leave Queen Adeliza's home at Arundel Castle in 1139]]
As the second wife of King Henry I [[Adeliza of Louvain]] was [[Queen consort of England|Queen of England]] from 1121 until Henry I's death in 1135. On their marriage in 1121 Henry gave Adeliza the city of Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref> Adeliza was given [[Arundel Castle]] where she lived. Because of Henry I's generosity, Adeliza was given the revenues of [[Rutland]], [[Shropshire]] and a large district of London, with possession of the city of [[Chichester]].<ref>http://ift.tt/2FssH2S> Adeliza gave her brother Joscelin a large estate in [[Sussex]] called [[Petworth]] that was dependent on her castle of [[Arundel Castle|Arundel]].
In 1138 Adeliza married [[William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny]]. D'Aubigny has fought loyally for King Stephen who made him [[Earl of Sussex]]. In 1153 William d'Aubigny helped arrange the truce between Stephen and [[Henry Plantagenet]], known as the [[Treaty of Wallingford]], which brought an end to [[The Anarchy]]. When the latter ascended the throne as [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], he confirmed William's earldom and gave him direct possession of [[Arundel Castle]] (instead of the possession in right of his wife (d.1151) he had previously had).
After her second marriage, Adeliza received Matilda at her home in Arundel, along with Matilda's half-brother [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]], in defiance of the wishes of her second husband who was a staunch supporter of [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]]. She later betrayed them and handed them over when King Stephen besieged the castle. Trying to explain Adeliza's actions, John of Worcester suggests that "she feared the king's majesty and worried that she might lose the great estate she held throughout England". He also mentions Adeliza's excuse to King Stephen: "She swore on oath that his enemies had not come to England on her account but that she had simply given them hospitality as persons of high dignity once close to her." Adeliza, was also a major benefactor to a [[leper hospital]]s at Arundel and another in Wiltshire.
The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at [[Arundel]] instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. Matilda stayed at [[Arundel Castle]], whilst Robert marched north-west to [[Wallingford Castle|Wallingford]] and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with [[Miles of Gloucester]], who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the king.
Stephen responded by promptly moving south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. Stephen also faced a military dilemma at Arundel—the castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of [[chivalry]]; Stephen was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare.
In 1147 following a rebellion by [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke]], [[King Stephen]] blockaded Pevensey Castle until its inhabitants were starved into submission.
===Angevins (1154-1216)===
Sussex at centre of [[Angevin Empire]].
====Reign of Henry II (1154-1189)====
1187 Fire destroys Chichester Cathedral and much of the city of Chichester.
Isabel de Warenne (c. 1228–1282) daughter of [[William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey]], married Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel, son of [[William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel]].
====Reign of Richard I (1189-1199)====
[[Richard I]] may have embarked in 1190 on the [[Third Crusade]] from Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/>
1194 While Richard the Lionheart is held captive in France, King John's forces lay siege to Chichester Castle.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"></ref>
====Reign of King John (1199-1216)====
1208 King John confiscates Bramber Castle from the de Braose family, after suspecting them of treachery.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"/>
1215 22 January While King John visits Knepp Castle for 4 days, confederated barons assemble in London to determine how best to check the career of this vicious king.<ref></ref>
1216 in part of the First Barons' War, Rye and Winchelsea open their gates to Prince Louis of France in an unsuccessful bid to take the crown from the hated King John.<ref name="Greahn 2012 69"></ref>
In 1216 [[Chichester Castle]] was attacked and occupied by Prince Louis of France.<ref></ref> Its destruction has been ordered but the order was not carried out and the castle surrendered to Louis.<ref></ref> In 1216, the castle, along with many others in southern England, was captured by the French. This was part of the First Barons' War against King John of England (1199–1216). Early in the 13th century, Chichester Castle was used as a court and jail. Chichester and [[Oxford Castle]] were some of the earliest urban castles to be used for this purpose, but gradually most urban castles were also used in this way.
Pevensey Castle was also probably ordered to be made indefensible by King John.
==Economy==
It is estimated that in the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings, wealth in Sussex fell by 40 per cent as the Normans sought to assert control by destroying estates or [[capital (economics)|capital]]. From Hastings to London, estates fell in value wherever the Normans marched
<ref name="Econ-Norman rule">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Economically Sussex suffered more than most counties; by 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10-25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066. Of the counties where meaningful data has been recorded, the economies of only [[Yorkshire]], [[Cheshire]] and [[Derbyshire]] which had been devastated through the [[harrying of the north]] fared worse than Sussex.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> By 1300 [[Gross Domestic Product|economic output]] in England as a whole was probably 2 to 3 times what it was in the period before the Conquest.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Trade with Normandy and the rest of the Angevin Empire was increased as the Normans were familiar with their home markets. William I invited Jews to England to facilitate lending; unencumbered by rules relating to usury that pertaining to Christians.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Jews mainly settled in towns with mints<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> which included Chichester. Also the vast increase in infrastructure such as castle and church building and also the building of new towns helped the economy to grow.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> In the 12th century, people had more money and wanted to spend it, so more fairs were established,<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> although belatedly many did not gain official recognition until the reign of Edward I in the late 13th century.
William assigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly in Sussex and the Welsh marches.
The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.
Ports:
Winchelsea
New Shoreham
Seaford
The [[Mint (facility)|mint]] continued at Chichester throughout the period.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref>
1155 Earliest known charter of the Cinque Ports, included Hastings and later Rye, Winchelsea and Seaford.<ref></ref>
Mint continued at Steyning until reign of William II.
Before the Conquest the principle port on the Adur was Steyning. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries there was a rivalry between Steyning (owned by [[Fécamp Abbey]]) in Normandy and the ports of Bramber, New Shoreham that were owned by the de Braose family, lords of the Rape of Bramber.<ref name="ShmEUS15">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> New Shoreham was one of most important Channel ports in 12th and 13th centuries.<ref></ref> William de Braose established the administrative centre of the rape at Bramber where he built a bridge and brought in a toll on all ships entering the port of Steyning. De Braose was setting up a rival parish at Bramber and after Fécamp Abbey's appeal to William I, de Braose was ordered to exhume and return 13 years' worth of burials to the churchyard at Steyning, preventing the creation of a new parish at Steyning's expense.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> De Braose then set up the new town of New Shoreham to the south and after 1100 Fécamp Abbey focused instead on its ports of Winchelsea and Rye.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/>
Shoreham is nearest Channel port to London. Shoreham visited by King John in 1199.<ref></ref>
Shipping records from the early 13th century show Winchelsea was Sussex's busiest port, closely followed by Shoreham.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> Exports from Shorham included [[timber]] and [[hemp]]. Shipbuilding took place at Shoreham including galleys that were repaired for King John in 1210 and 1212.<ref name="ShmEUS16">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Salt-making continued to take place near the Adur estuary.<ref name="ShmEUS17">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Religion==
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.<ref name="kelly9">Kelly. The Bishopric of Selsey ''in'' Mary Hobbs. Chichester Cathedral. p. 9</ref> The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, [[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand]].<ref name="kelly9"/> During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the [[Council of London (1075)|Council of London]] of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than [[vill]]s.<ref name="kelly9"/> 1094 saw the completion of [[Battle Abbey]], which had been founded on the site of the [[Battle of Hastings]] after [[Pope Alexander II]] had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also [[town planning|planned out]] the nearby town of [[Battle, East Sussex|Battle]] shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of [[Rape of Lewes|Lewes Rape]], [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]] and his wife [[Gundred, Countess of Surrey|Gundrada]] formed England's first and largest [[Cluniac]] monastery at [[Lewes Priory]]. The lord of [[Rape of Arundel|Arundel Rape]], [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomerie]] established [[Arundel Priory]] in 1102. [[Sele Priory]] in the [[Rape of Bramber]] was founded by the [[House of Braose|Braose family]] by 1126.
[[File:Battle Abbey gatehouse (1897).jpg|thumb|The gatehouse at Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror on the site of the Battle of Hastings]]
The [[Priory]] of [[Pancras of Rome|St Pancras]] was the first [[Cluniac]] house in England and had one of the largest monastic churches in the country. It was set within an extensive walled and gated precinct laid out in a commanding location fronting the tidal shore-line at the head of the [[River Ouse, Sussex|Ouse]] valley to the south of [[Lewes]].
[[Ralph de Luffa|Bishop Ralph Luffa]] is credited with the foundation of the current [[Chichester Cathedral]].<ref name="stephens47">Stephens. Memorials. p. 47</ref> <ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
The original structure that had been built by Stigand was largely destroyed by fire in 1114.<ref name="stephens47"/>
Luffa erected a timber-framed lodge at [[Amberley Castle|Amberley]] on land held by the diocese of Chichester at Amberley since Caedwalla granted it to the see of Selsey in 683. Seffrid I and Seffrid II both replaced walls and extended the building.
The medieval church also set up various [[History of hospitals|hospitals]] and schools in Sussex, including St Mary's Hospital in Chichester (c. 1290-1300);<ref></ref> St Nicholas' Hospital in Lewes, which was run by the monks of Lewes Priory;<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and [[the Prebendal School]] close to Chichester Cathedral.
The [[archdeacon]]ries of [[List of Archdeacons of Chichester|Chichester]] and [[List of Archdeacons of Lewes|Lewes]] were created in the 12th century under Ralph Luffa.<ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
Sussex has strong links with the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] including at [[Shipley, West Sussex|Shipley]], [[Poling, West Sussex|Poling]], [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]] and at the port of Shoreham - Templars (1170) and Hospitallers (1190).<ref name="ShmEUS17"/>
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.[21] The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand.[21] During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the Council of London of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than vills.[21] South Saxon see moved to Chichester.
1094 saw the completion of Battle Abbey, which had been founded on the site of the Battle of Hastings after Pope Alexander II had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also planned out the nearby town of Battle shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of Lewes Rape, William de Warenne and his wife Gundrada formed England's first and largest Cluniac monastery at Lewes Priory. The lord of Arundel Rape, Roger de Montgomerie established Arundel Priory in 1102. Sele Priory in the Rape of Bramber was founded by the Braose family by 1126.
In 1199 Chichester Cathedral was re-consecrated under Bishop Seffrid II. <ref name="Naylor 2013 p"></ref><ref name="Melton 2014 782"></ref>
===Pilgrimage===
Sussex lay on part of the route of the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] to the shrine of the [[Twelve apostles|apostle]] of [[James, son of Zebedee|St. James the Great]] on the town of [[Santiago de Compostela]] in the [[Crown of Castille]] (now Spain). Various Sussex ports, including Winchelsea, Shoreham and Lewes, were embarkation points to cross the English Channel and connect to the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] via the Via Turonensis through the [[Kingdom of France]].
===Crusades===
Chichester<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> and Shoreham may have been used as a point of departure for the crusades. Shoreham supplied three ships for Richard I for the [[Third Crusade]].<ref name="ShmEUS16"/>
===Judaism===
Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 [[pipe roll]] for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. Jews are also recorded in Arundel, Hailsham, and Lewes.<ref></ref>
==Geography==
The county boundary was long and somewhat indeterminate on the north, owing to the dense forest of Andredsweald.<ref name="brandon138">Brandon. The South Saxons. Ch. VI. The South Saxon Andredesweald.</ref> Evidence of this is seen in [[Domesday Book]] by the survey of Worth and Lodsworth under [[Surrey]], and also by the fact that as late as 1834 the present parishes of North and [[South Ambersham]] in Sussex were part of [[Hampshire]].<ref name="leslie40">Carol Adams. Medieval Administration ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical atlas of Sussex. pp. 40–41.</ref>
==Governance==
William the Conqueror set out compact lordships across Sussex in what were termed '[[rape (county subdivision)|rapes]]'. Shortly after 1066 there were four rapes: [[Arundel]], [[Lewes]], [[Pevensey]] and [[Hastings]].<ref></ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book]], William the Conqueror had created the [[rape of Bramber]] out of parts of the Arundel and Lewes rapes, so that the Adur estuary could be better defended.<ref name="PBSx"></ref><ref name="VCHSxChi"></ref><ref name="VCHSxLewes"></ref>
The rape of Arundel was much larger than its present size as included what was to become the [[rape of Chichester]], which did not become separate until the mid 13th century.<ref name="VCHSxChi"/>
Although the origin and original purpose of the Rapes is not known, their function after 1066 is clear. With its own lord and sheriff, each Rape was an administrative and fiscal unit.<ref name="Hull">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Culture==
===Architecture===
[[File:Shoreham, the Marlipins.jpg|thumb|Built as a townhouse, parts of the Marlipins in New Shoreham in modern Shoreham-by-Sea date from the 12th century]]
Important Norman architecture in Sussex includes Chichester Cathedral, the ruins of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey as well as Norman remains in the castles at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings.
Lewes Priory was the largest church in Sussex, being longer than Chichester Cathedral including its Lady Chapel, and is comparable in scale to the original form of [[Ely Cathedral]] or the surviving form of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
Notable minster or parish churches from the High Middle Ages include the churches at [[St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|New Shoreham]] (c 1120-1150) and Rye.<ref></ref> Important churches in Sussex with features from the [[Saxo-Norman]] overlap include [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]], [[St John the Baptist's Church, Clayton|Clayton]] and Bosham.<ref></ref>
===Art===
[[File:12th-century paintings of Last Judgement (Clayton Church, Sussex).jpg|thumb|12th century wall painting of the Last Judgement at Clayton, one of the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings]]
Lewes Priory had its own masons' yard, it manufactured decorated glazed floor tiles and had a school of sacred painting that worked throughout Sussex.<ref></ref> The calibre of surviving figurative carvings that are displayed at the British Museum is of a highly sophisticated order. Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, including at Clayton, Coombes, Hardham, Plumpton and now-lost paintings at Westmeston. Some of the paintings are celebrated for their age, extent and quality: Ian Nairn calls those at Hardham "the fame of Hardham",<ref name="NandP234"></ref> and descriptions such as "fine",<ref name="Fisher124"></ref><ref name="Salter107"></ref> "Hardham's particular glory"<ref name="Wales115"></ref> and "one of the most important sets in the country"<ref name="Whiteman79"></ref> have been applied.
===Language===
* use of [[Anglo-Norman language]] by ruling class; Norman French was almost exclusively used as a spoken language
* use of [[Latin]] as the language of all official written documents
* use of [[Old English]] which evolved into [[Middle English]] by common people.
At the start of the High Middle Ages Sussex had its own dialect of [[Old English]] which was in effect part of a continuum of southern English dialect from Kent in the east to Wessex in the west.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> As the influence of the [[Norman language]] increased, the Anglo-Norman language developed and the Sussex dialect of Old English evolved into a dialect of Middle English.
===Literature===
''[[The Proverbs of Alfred]]'' is a collection of sayings supposedly from King Alfred said to have been uttered at [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]] that were written in the mid-12th century in [[Middle English]]. It is likely to have been written by someone living in or originating from southern Sussex, probably from either Lewes Priory or Battle Abbey.<ref></ref>
==See also==
* [[History of Sussex]]
* [[Kingdom of Sussex]]
* [[History of Christianity in Sussex]]
* [[History of local government in Sussex]]
* [[England in the High Middle Ages]]
==Bibliography==
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==References==
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[[Category:History of Sussex]]
==Political history==
===Normans (1066-1154)===
====Norman conquest and reign of William I (1066-1087)====
[[File:Harold stone.JPG|thumb|250px|right|alt=Picture of plaque at Battle Abbey, the traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died.|The traditional site of the High Altar of Battle Abbey founded to commemorate the victory of Duke William on 14 October 1066. The high altar was placed to mark the spot where King Harold died]]
[[File:2083004 cb788d1c.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067|Arundel castle founded by Roger de Montgomery in 1067]]
[[File:Anthropic Farm Units.png|thumb|250px|right|alt=This derivative work depicts six historical units of land measurement: the furlong, the rod, the oxgang, the virgate, the carucate, and the acre. |Division of farm land]]
=====Landing=====
They landed at [[Pevensey]] in [[Sussex]] on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at [[Hastings]], from which they raided the surrounding area.<ref name=Bates79>Bates ''William the Conqueror'' pp. 79–89</ref> This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding.<ref name=Marren98>Marren ''1066'' p. 98</ref>
=====Battle of Hastings=====
On Friday, 13 October 1066, [[Harold Godwinson]] and his English army arrived at [[Senlac Hill]] just outside Hastings, to face William of Normandy and his invading army.<ref name="seward5">Seward. Sussex. pp. 5–7.</ref> On 14 October 1066, during the ensuing battle, Harold was killed and the English defeated.<ref name="seward5"/> It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's [[thegns]] were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated.<ref name="seward5"/> The Normans buried their dead in mass graves. There were reports that the bones of some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside some years later. It was believed that it would not be possible to recover any remaining bones from the battle field area, in modern times, as they would have disappeared due to the acidic soil.<ref name=past6>Edwina Livesay. Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result ''in'' Sussex Past and Present Number 133. p. 6</ref> However, a skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally thought to be associated with the 13th century [[Battle of Lewes]] turned out to be contemporary with the Norman invasion.<ref name=sac148>For detail on the excavation see Luke Barber and Lucy Siburn. The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex ''in'' SAC Vol. 148. pp. 79-109</ref> Skeleton 180 had sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. Skeleton 180 was one of 123 remains found in a medieval cemetery belonging to the Hospital of St Nicholas, which was run by monks from [[Lewes Priory]]. Many of the excavated skeletons exhibited the tell tale signs of a range of diseases common in that era, including leprosy, but only Skeleton 180 had died from head injuries. The reason why historians had originally thought that skeleton 180 was involved in the battle of Lewes is because the hospital was situated at the epicentre of the conflict. What had puzzled archaeologists though, was that most of the victims of the battle had been buried in mass grave pits dug next to the battle itself; these pits had been discovered by road builders in the 19th century. Analysis now continues on the other remains found, at the site of the hospital, to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals were.<ref name=past6 />
=====Aftermath=====
Sussex was the first area to be systematically 'Normanised'.<ref></ref> After regrouping following the battle of Hastings, William headed to Kent and London with his main army while detachments were sent into Sussex to act as a rearguard. The Domesday Book of 1086 shows a significant drop in recorded values along the line of the army's route through Sussex to Lewes and on via [[Keymer]], [[Hurstpierpoint]], [[Steyning]] and [[Arundel]] to [[Chichester]] where they were met by secondary Norman forces that landed around [[Chichester Harbour]]<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> or [[Selsey]] and continued westwards to [[Winchester]] in Hampshire and [[Wallingford]], Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).<ref></ref> A motte and bailey castle was built at [[Edburton]] soon after October 1066.
In 1067 William sailed Pevensey to begin his triumphant tour of Normandy. Whilst at Pevensey, William seemed to make a show of distributing lands to his followers in front of a number of Anglo-Saxon noblemen who had their lands taken away.
=====Consequences=====
Members of King Harold Godwinson's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England. The largest single exodus occurred in the 1070s, when a group of Anglo-Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers, as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries. The English became the predominant element in the elite [[Varangian Guard]], until then a largely Scandinavian unit, from which the emperor's bodyguard was drawn. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the [[Black Sea]] coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York.
The county was of great importance to the Normans; Hastings and Pevensey being on the most direct route for Normandy.<ref name="armstrong48"></ref> It was also necessary to guard Sussex and England from attack - to prevent raids by Danes and partly to prevent attack by the sons of Harold Godwinson,<ref></ref> as Sussex was a stronghold of the Godwin family.
Because of this the county was divided into five new baronies, called [[Rape (county subdivision)|rapes]], each with at least one town and a castle.<ref name="leslie34"/> This enabled the ruling group of Normans to control the manorial revenues and thus the greater part of the county's wealth.<ref name="leslie34"/>
William, the Conqueror gave these rapes to five of his most trusted Barons:<ref name="armstrong48"/> All were Normans who were close to William, with the exception of William de Braose, about whom little is known.<ref></ref>
* Roger of Montgomery - the combined Rapes of Chichester and Arundel.
* William de Braose - [[Rape of Bramber]].
* William de Warenne - Rape of Lewes
* Robert, Count of Mortain - Rape of Pevensey
* Robert, [[Count of Eu]] - Rape of Hastings
William built [[Battle Abbey]] at the site of the battle of Hastings, and the exact spot where Harold fell was marked by the high altar.<ref name="seward5"/> In 1070, [[Pope Alexander II]] ordered the [[Normans]] to do penance for killing so many people during their [[Norman conquest|conquest of England]]. In response, [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] vowed to build an [[abbey]] where the [[Battle of Hastings]] had taken place, with the high [[altar]] of its church on the supposed spot where King [[Harold Godwinson|Harold]] fell in that battle on Saturday, 14 October 1066. William I had ruled that the church of St Martin of Battle was to be exempted from all episcopal jurisdiction, putting it on the level of Canterbury.
Norman influence was already strong in Sussex before the Conquest: the [[abbey of Fécamp]] had interest in the harbours of [[Hastings]], Rye, Winchelsea and Steyning; while the estate of [[Bosham]] was held by a Norman chaplain to [[Edward the Confessor]].<ref name="leslie34">Mark Gardiner and Heather Warne. Domesday Settlement ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical Atlas. pp. 34–35</ref> After the Norman conquest the 387 manors, that had been in Saxon hands, were replaced by just 16 heads of manors.<ref name="leslie34"/><ref name="horsfield77"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width:50%; text-align:center;"
|- align=center
! width="10pt"|
! width="200pt"style="text-align: center;"|The owners of Sussex post 1066<ref name="horsfield77">Horsfield. The History of the county of Sussex. Volume I. pp. 77–78</ref>
! width="20pt"style="text-align: center;"|Number of manors
|- valign=top
<!--Next row -->
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||1||[[William the Conqueror|William I]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||2||[[Lanfranc]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]||8
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||3||[[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand, Bishop of Selsey<sup>*</sup>]]||9
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||4||[[Gilbert Crispin|Gilbert, Abbot of Westminster]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||5||[[Fécamp Abbey|Abbot of Fécamp]]||3
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||6||[[Osbern FitzOsbern|Osborn, Bishop of Exeter]]||4
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||7||Abbot of Winchester||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||8||Gauspert, [[Abbot of Battle]]||2
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||9||Abbot of [[Shaftesbury Abbey|St Edward's]]||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|10||Ode<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||11||Eldred<sup>**</sup>||1
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||12||[[William II, Count of Eu|William son of Robert, Count of Eu]]||108
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||13||[[Robert, Count of Mortain]] ||81
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||14||[[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]]||43
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||15||[[William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber|William de Braose]]||38
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
||16||[[Roger of Montgomery|Roger, Earl of Montgomery]]||83
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
|||align="right"| '''Total'''||'''387'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffff"
| colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |<small>Notes:<br/> * The See was moved from Selsey to Chichester during Stigands tenure.<br/>** Ode and Eldred were Saxon Lords.</small>
|}
The 16 people, in charge of the manors, were known as the ''[[Tenant-in-chief|Tenentes in capite]]'' in other words the chief tenants who held their land directly from the crown.<ref name="horsfield77"/><ref name="friar429">Friar. The Sutton Companion to Local History. p. 429</ref> The list includes nine ecclesiasticals although the portion of their landholding is quite small and was virtually no different from that under Edward the Confessor.<ref name="horsfield77"/> Two of the lords were Englishmen, Ode, who had been a pre-Conquest treasurer, and his brother Eldred.<ref name=brandon193>Dennis Haselgrove. The Domesday Record of Sussex ''in'' Brandon's South Saxons. p. 193</ref> This means that 353 of the 387 manors in Sussex would have been wrested from their Saxon owners and given to Norman Lords by William the Conqueror<ref name="horsfield77"/>
Historically the land holdings of each Saxon lord had been scattered, but now the lords lands were determined by the borders of the rape.<ref name="brandon190">Brandon. The South Saxons. Chapter IX. The Domesday Record of Sussex</ref> The unit of land, known as the [[Hide (unit)|hide]], in Sussex had eight instead of the usual four [[virgate]]s,(a virgate being equal to the amount of land two oxen can plough in a season).<ref name="brandon190"/>
====Reign of William II (1087-1100)====
Following the death of William the Conqueror in 1087, [[William Rufus]], the third son of William the Conqueror, took the kingship in 1088, separating it from his brother [[Robert Curthose]], who remained Duke of Normandy.<ref></ref> In the [[rebellion of 1088]], the rebels, led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers [[Odo of Bayeux]]<ref name=blog></ref> and [[Robert, Count of Mortain]], and lord of the [[rape of Pevensey]], with Odo the stronger of the two and the leader, decided to band together to dispose of young King William II and unite Normandy and England under a single king, the eldest Duke Robert.
To achieve this Rufus had to secure Sussex and Kent against a retaliatory strike by Robert, who was based in Normandy. The lord of the rape of Lewes, [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]], was loyal to Rufus; [[Robert, Count of Mortain|Robert de Mortain]], lord of the rape of Pevensey, supported the rebel, Robert; [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomery]], lord of the rape of Arundel, waited, initially supporting Robert but later switching his support to Rufus. The forces of Rufus and de Warenne surrounded [[Pevensey Castle]] in a six-week siege, starving its inhabitants and capturing the rebel leader [[Odo of Bayeux|Odo]]. De Warenne, lord of Lewes, was mortally wounded at Pevensey, dying at [[Lewes]] on 24 June 1088 .<ref>G. E. Cokayne, ''The Complete Peerage'', vol. xii/1 (The St. Catherine Press, London, 1953), pp. 494–95.</ref><ref>Hyde Abbey, ''Liber Monasterii de Hyda: Comprising a Chronicle of the affairs of England'', ed. Edward Edwards (Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, 1866), p. 299.</ref> De Mortain was pardoned and continued as lord of Pevensey.
====Reign of Henry I (1100-1135)====
Pevensey remained important and in 1101 [[Henry I]] spent the summer there in anticipation of attack from Duke Robert.
====Reign of Stephen (1135-1154) including the Anarchy (1135-1153)====
1139 Siege of Arundel - part of the events of [[the Anarchy]].
[[File:A Chronicle of England - Page 149 - Matilda is Permitted to Retire from Arundel.jpg|thumb|Depiction from [[James William Edmund Doyle]] from 1864 of King Stephen's forces allowing Empress Matilda to leave Queen Adeliza's home at Arundel Castle in 1139]]
As the second wife of King Henry I [[Adeliza of Louvain]] was [[Queen consort of England|Queen of England]] from 1121 until Henry I's death in 1135. On their marriage in 1121 Henry gave Adeliza the city of Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref> Adeliza was given [[Arundel Castle]] where she lived. Because of Henry I's generosity, Adeliza was given the revenues of [[Rutland]], [[Shropshire]] and a large district of London, with possession of the city of [[Chichester]].<ref>http://ift.tt/2FssH2S> Adeliza gave her brother Joscelin a large estate in [[Sussex]] called [[Petworth]] that was dependent on her castle of [[Arundel Castle|Arundel]].
In 1138 Adeliza married [[William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny]]. D'Aubigny has fought loyally for King Stephen who made him [[Earl of Sussex]]. In 1153 William d'Aubigny helped arrange the truce between Stephen and [[Henry Plantagenet]], known as the [[Treaty of Wallingford]], which brought an end to [[The Anarchy]]. When the latter ascended the throne as [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], he confirmed William's earldom and gave him direct possession of [[Arundel Castle]] (instead of the possession in right of his wife (d.1151) he had previously had).
After her second marriage, Adeliza received Matilda at her home in Arundel, along with Matilda's half-brother [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]], in defiance of the wishes of her second husband who was a staunch supporter of [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]]. She later betrayed them and handed them over when King Stephen besieged the castle. Trying to explain Adeliza's actions, John of Worcester suggests that "she feared the king's majesty and worried that she might lose the great estate she held throughout England". He also mentions Adeliza's excuse to King Stephen: "She swore on oath that his enemies had not come to England on her account but that she had simply given them hospitality as persons of high dignity once close to her." Adeliza, was also a major benefactor to a [[leper hospital]]s at Arundel and another in Wiltshire.
The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at [[Arundel]] instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. Matilda stayed at [[Arundel Castle]], whilst Robert marched north-west to [[Wallingford Castle|Wallingford]] and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with [[Miles of Gloucester]], who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the king.
Stephen responded by promptly moving south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry of Blois; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that Henry argued that it would be in Stephen's own best interests to release the Empress and concentrate instead on attacking Robert, and Stephen may have seen Robert, not the Empress, as his main opponent at this point in the conflict. Stephen also faced a military dilemma at Arundel—the castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of [[chivalry]]; Stephen was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare.
In 1147 following a rebellion by [[Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke]], [[King Stephen]] blockaded Pevensey Castle until its inhabitants were starved into submission.
===Angevins (1154-1216)===
Sussex at centre of [[Angevin Empire]].
====Reign of Henry II (1154-1189)====
1187 Fire destroys Chichester Cathedral and much of the city of Chichester.
Isabel de Warenne (c. 1228–1282) daughter of [[William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey]], married Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel, son of [[William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel]].
====Reign of Richard I (1189-1199)====
[[Richard I]] may have embarked in 1190 on the [[Third Crusade]] from Chichester.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/>
1194 While Richard the Lionheart is held captive in France, King John's forces lay siege to Chichester Castle.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"></ref>
====Reign of King John (1199-1216)====
1208 King John confiscates Bramber Castle from the de Braose family, after suspecting them of treachery.<ref name="Greahn 2012 38"/>
1215 22 January While King John visits Knepp Castle for 4 days, confederated barons assemble in London to determine how best to check the career of this vicious king.<ref></ref>
1216 in part of the First Barons' War, Rye and Winchelsea open their gates to Prince Louis of France in an unsuccessful bid to take the crown from the hated King John.<ref name="Greahn 2012 69"></ref>
In 1216 [[Chichester Castle]] was attacked and occupied by Prince Louis of France.<ref></ref> Its destruction has been ordered but the order was not carried out and the castle surrendered to Louis.<ref></ref> In 1216, the castle, along with many others in southern England, was captured by the French. This was part of the First Barons' War against King John of England (1199–1216). Early in the 13th century, Chichester Castle was used as a court and jail. Chichester and [[Oxford Castle]] were some of the earliest urban castles to be used for this purpose, but gradually most urban castles were also used in this way.
Pevensey Castle was also probably ordered to be made indefensible by King John.
==Economy==
It is estimated that in the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings, wealth in Sussex fell by 40 per cent as the Normans sought to assert control by destroying estates or [[capital (economics)|capital]]. From Hastings to London, estates fell in value wherever the Normans marched
<ref name="Econ-Norman rule">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Economically Sussex suffered more than most counties; by 1086 wealth in Sussex was still 10-25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066. Of the counties where meaningful data has been recorded, the economies of only [[Yorkshire]], [[Cheshire]] and [[Derbyshire]] which had been devastated through the [[harrying of the north]] fared worse than Sussex.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> By 1300 [[Gross Domestic Product|economic output]] in England as a whole was probably 2 to 3 times what it was in the period before the Conquest.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Trade with Normandy and the rest of the Angevin Empire was increased as the Normans were familiar with their home markets. William I invited Jews to England to facilitate lending; unencumbered by rules relating to usury that pertaining to Christians.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> Jews mainly settled in towns with mints<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> which included Chichester. Also the vast increase in infrastructure such as castle and church building and also the building of new towns helped the economy to grow.<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> In the 12th century, people had more money and wanted to spend it, so more fairs were established,<ref name="Econ-Norman rule"/> although belatedly many did not gain official recognition until the reign of Edward I in the late 13th century.
William assigned large tracts of land amongst the Norman elite, creating vast estates in some areas, particularly in Sussex and the Welsh marches.
The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea.
Ports:
Winchelsea
New Shoreham
Seaford
The [[Mint (facility)|mint]] continued at Chichester throughout the period.<ref name="VCH-ChiHI></ref>
1155 Earliest known charter of the Cinque Ports, included Hastings and later Rye, Winchelsea and Seaford.<ref></ref>
Mint continued at Steyning until reign of William II.
Before the Conquest the principle port on the Adur was Steyning. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries there was a rivalry between Steyning (owned by [[Fécamp Abbey]]) in Normandy and the ports of Bramber, New Shoreham that were owned by the de Braose family, lords of the Rape of Bramber.<ref name="ShmEUS15">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> New Shoreham was one of most important Channel ports in 12th and 13th centuries.<ref></ref> William de Braose established the administrative centre of the rape at Bramber where he built a bridge and brought in a toll on all ships entering the port of Steyning. De Braose was setting up a rival parish at Bramber and after Fécamp Abbey's appeal to William I, de Braose was ordered to exhume and return 13 years' worth of burials to the churchyard at Steyning, preventing the creation of a new parish at Steyning's expense.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> De Braose then set up the new town of New Shoreham to the south and after 1100 Fécamp Abbey focused instead on its ports of Winchelsea and Rye.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/>
Shoreham is nearest Channel port to London. Shoreham visited by King John in 1199.<ref></ref>
Shipping records from the early 13th century show Winchelsea was Sussex's busiest port, closely followed by Shoreham.<ref name="ShmEUS15"/> Exports from Shorham included [[timber]] and [[hemp]]. Shipbuilding took place at Shoreham including galleys that were repaired for King John in 1210 and 1212.<ref name="ShmEUS16">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Salt-making continued to take place near the Adur estuary.<ref name="ShmEUS17">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Religion==
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.<ref name="kelly9">Kelly. The Bishopric of Selsey ''in'' Mary Hobbs. Chichester Cathedral. p. 9</ref> The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, [[Stigand of Selsey|Stigand]].<ref name="kelly9"/> During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the [[Council of London (1075)|Council of London]] of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than [[vill]]s.<ref name="kelly9"/> 1094 saw the completion of [[Battle Abbey]], which had been founded on the site of the [[Battle of Hastings]] after [[Pope Alexander II]] had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also [[town planning|planned out]] the nearby town of [[Battle, East Sussex|Battle]] shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of [[Rape of Lewes|Lewes Rape]], [[William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey|William de Warenne]] and his wife [[Gundred, Countess of Surrey|Gundrada]] formed England's first and largest [[Cluniac]] monastery at [[Lewes Priory]]. The lord of [[Rape of Arundel|Arundel Rape]], [[Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|Roger de Montgomerie]] established [[Arundel Priory]] in 1102. [[Sele Priory]] in the [[Rape of Bramber]] was founded by the [[House of Braose|Braose family]] by 1126.
[[File:Battle Abbey gatehouse (1897).jpg|thumb|The gatehouse at Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror on the site of the Battle of Hastings]]
The [[Priory]] of [[Pancras of Rome|St Pancras]] was the first [[Cluniac]] house in England and had one of the largest monastic churches in the country. It was set within an extensive walled and gated precinct laid out in a commanding location fronting the tidal shore-line at the head of the [[River Ouse, Sussex|Ouse]] valley to the south of [[Lewes]].
[[Ralph de Luffa|Bishop Ralph Luffa]] is credited with the foundation of the current [[Chichester Cathedral]].<ref name="stephens47">Stephens. Memorials. p. 47</ref> <ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
The original structure that had been built by Stigand was largely destroyed by fire in 1114.<ref name="stephens47"/>
Luffa erected a timber-framed lodge at [[Amberley Castle|Amberley]] on land held by the diocese of Chichester at Amberley since Caedwalla granted it to the see of Selsey in 683. Seffrid I and Seffrid II both replaced walls and extended the building.
The medieval church also set up various [[History of hospitals|hospitals]] and schools in Sussex, including St Mary's Hospital in Chichester (c. 1290-1300);<ref></ref> St Nicholas' Hospital in Lewes, which was run by the monks of Lewes Priory;<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and [[the Prebendal School]] close to Chichester Cathedral.
The [[archdeacon]]ries of [[List of Archdeacons of Chichester|Chichester]] and [[List of Archdeacons of Lewes|Lewes]] were created in the 12th century under Ralph Luffa.<ref name="hennessy2">Hennessy. Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists. pp. 2–3</ref>
Sussex has strong links with the [[Knights Templar]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] including at [[Shipley, West Sussex|Shipley]], [[Poling, West Sussex|Poling]], [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]] and at the port of Shoreham - Templars (1170) and Hospitallers (1190).<ref name="ShmEUS17"/>
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.[21] The Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Selsey was deposed and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand.[21] During Stigand's episcopate the see that had been established at Selsey was transferred to Chichester after the Council of London of 1075 decreed that sees should be centred in cities rather than vills.[21] South Saxon see moved to Chichester.
1094 saw the completion of Battle Abbey, which had been founded on the site of the Battle of Hastings after Pope Alexander II had ordered the Normans to do penance for killing so many people during their conquest of England. Monks also planned out the nearby town of Battle shortly after the conquest. Many of the monastic houses of this period were founded by Sussex's new Norman lords. Around 1081, the lord of Lewes Rape, William de Warenne and his wife Gundrada formed England's first and largest Cluniac monastery at Lewes Priory. The lord of Arundel Rape, Roger de Montgomerie established Arundel Priory in 1102. Sele Priory in the Rape of Bramber was founded by the Braose family by 1126.
In 1199 Chichester Cathedral was re-consecrated under Bishop Seffrid II. <ref name="Naylor 2013 p"></ref><ref name="Melton 2014 782"></ref>
===Pilgrimage===
Sussex lay on part of the route of the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] to the shrine of the [[Twelve apostles|apostle]] of [[James, son of Zebedee|St. James the Great]] on the town of [[Santiago de Compostela]] in the [[Crown of Castille]] (now Spain). Various Sussex ports, including Winchelsea, Shoreham and Lewes, were embarkation points to cross the English Channel and connect to the [[Camino de Santiago|Way of St James]] via the Via Turonensis through the [[Kingdom of France]].
===Crusades===
Chichester<ref name="VCH-ChiHI/> and Shoreham may have been used as a point of departure for the crusades. Shoreham supplied three ships for Richard I for the [[Third Crusade]].<ref name="ShmEUS16"/>
===Judaism===
Jewish people have been recorded as living in Sussex since the 12th century and are first mentioned in 1179/80 [[pipe roll]] for Chichester. A considerable Jewish community existed in Chichester by 1186. Jews are also recorded in Arundel, Hailsham, and Lewes.<ref></ref>
==Geography==
The county boundary was long and somewhat indeterminate on the north, owing to the dense forest of Andredsweald.<ref name="brandon138">Brandon. The South Saxons. Ch. VI. The South Saxon Andredesweald.</ref> Evidence of this is seen in [[Domesday Book]] by the survey of Worth and Lodsworth under [[Surrey]], and also by the fact that as late as 1834 the present parishes of North and [[South Ambersham]] in Sussex were part of [[Hampshire]].<ref name="leslie40">Carol Adams. Medieval Administration ''in'' Kim Leslie's. An Historical atlas of Sussex. pp. 40–41.</ref>
==Governance==
William the Conqueror set out compact lordships across Sussex in what were termed '[[rape (county subdivision)|rapes]]'. Shortly after 1066 there were four rapes: [[Arundel]], [[Lewes]], [[Pevensey]] and [[Hastings]].<ref></ref> By the time of the [[Domesday Book]], William the Conqueror had created the [[rape of Bramber]] out of parts of the Arundel and Lewes rapes, so that the Adur estuary could be better defended.<ref name="PBSx"></ref><ref name="VCHSxChi"></ref><ref name="VCHSxLewes"></ref>
The rape of Arundel was much larger than its present size as included what was to become the [[rape of Chichester]], which did not become separate until the mid 13th century.<ref name="VCHSxChi"/>
Although the origin and original purpose of the Rapes is not known, their function after 1066 is clear. With its own lord and sheriff, each Rape was an administrative and fiscal unit.<ref name="Hull">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==Culture==
===Architecture===
[[File:Shoreham, the Marlipins.jpg|thumb|Built as a townhouse, parts of the Marlipins in New Shoreham in modern Shoreham-by-Sea date from the 12th century]]
Important Norman architecture in Sussex includes Chichester Cathedral, the ruins of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey as well as Norman remains in the castles at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings.
Lewes Priory was the largest church in Sussex, being longer than Chichester Cathedral including its Lady Chapel, and is comparable in scale to the original form of [[Ely Cathedral]] or the surviving form of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
Notable minster or parish churches from the High Middle Ages include the churches at [[St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|New Shoreham]] (c 1120-1150) and Rye.<ref></ref> Important churches in Sussex with features from the [[Saxo-Norman]] overlap include [[Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin, Sompting|Sompting]], [[St John the Baptist's Church, Clayton|Clayton]] and Bosham.<ref></ref>
===Art===
[[File:12th-century paintings of Last Judgement (Clayton Church, Sussex).jpg|thumb|12th century wall painting of the Last Judgement at Clayton, one of the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings]]
Lewes Priory had its own masons' yard, it manufactured decorated glazed floor tiles and had a school of sacred painting that worked throughout Sussex.<ref></ref> The calibre of surviving figurative carvings that are displayed at the British Museum is of a highly sophisticated order. Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of wall paintings can be found in several churches across the centre of Sussex, including at Clayton, Coombes, Hardham, Plumpton and now-lost paintings at Westmeston. Some of the paintings are celebrated for their age, extent and quality: Ian Nairn calls those at Hardham "the fame of Hardham",<ref name="NandP234"></ref> and descriptions such as "fine",<ref name="Fisher124"></ref><ref name="Salter107"></ref> "Hardham's particular glory"<ref name="Wales115"></ref> and "one of the most important sets in the country"<ref name="Whiteman79"></ref> have been applied.
===Language===
* use of [[Anglo-Norman language]] by ruling class; Norman French was almost exclusively used as a spoken language
* use of [[Latin]] as the language of all official written documents
* use of [[Old English]] which evolved into [[Middle English]] by common people.
At the start of the High Middle Ages Sussex had its own dialect of [[Old English]] which was in effect part of a continuum of southern English dialect from Kent in the east to Wessex in the west.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> As the influence of the [[Norman language]] increased, the Anglo-Norman language developed and the Sussex dialect of Old English evolved into a dialect of Middle English.
===Literature===
''[[The Proverbs of Alfred]]'' is a collection of sayings supposedly from King Alfred said to have been uttered at [[Seaford, East Sussex|Seaford]] that were written in the mid-12th century in [[Middle English]]. It is likely to have been written by someone living in or originating from southern Sussex, probably from either Lewes Priory or Battle Abbey.<ref></ref>
==See also==
* [[History of Sussex]]
* [[Kingdom of Sussex]]
* [[History of Christianity in Sussex]]
* [[History of local government in Sussex]]
* [[England in the High Middle Ages]]
==Bibliography==
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==References==
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[[Category:History of Sussex]]
February 25, 2018 at 01:15AM
