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Ro4444: Article Creation
'''Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi''' () was an eighth century official for the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], serving as the governor of [[Medina]], [[Mecca]] and [[Ta'if|al-Ta'if]] during the caliphate of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik]]. He and his brother [[Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi|Muhammad]] were later tortured to death in 743 in the period leading up to the [[Third Fitna|Third Islamic Civil War]].
==Career==
The sons of [[Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi]], Ibrahim and Muhammad were maternal uncles of the caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik]] (r. 724–743), who relied on them to act as his governors of the [[Hijaz]] for the majority of his reign.<ref>; .</ref> Although the sources frequently confuse the two brothers,<ref> states that Muhammad ibn Hisham was the governor of Mecca, Medina and al-Ta'if from 724 to 732 instead of Ibrahim, while and claim that Ibrahim was governor in 739 and 743 respectively instead of Muhammad.</ref> Ibrahim appears to have been appointed as governor of Medina, Mecca and al-Ta'if in 724 and to have been dismissed in 732,<ref>; ; . According to al-Tabari, ''op. cit.'', p. 29, Ibrahim also went campaigning on the Byzantine frontier in 726.</ref> and was also the caliph's choice to lead the pilgrimages of 724, 726–731 and possibly 732.<ref>; ; ; ; .</ref> During his governorship his appointees to lead the Medinese judiciary were [[Muhammad ibn Safwan al-Jumahi]] and [[al-Salt ibn Zubayd al-Kindi]].<ref>; ; ; .</ref>
In the last years of Hisham's reign Ibrahim and Muhammad were supporters of the caliph's unsuccessful plan to replace the heir-apparent [[Al-Walid II|al-Walid ibn Yazid]] with his own son [[Maslamah ibn Hisham|Maslamah]], but with the death of Hisham in 743 their political influence came to an end. Upon his accession to the caliphate al-Walid handed over the two brothers to his new governor of Medina, [[Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]], who paraded them in front of the city inhabitants and had them flogged; shortly afterwards al-Walid ordered Yusuf to transfer Ibrahim and Muhammad to [[Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi|Yusuf ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafi]] in [[Iraq]], where together with [[Khalid al-Qasri|Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri]] they were tortured to death.<ref>; ; ; ; .</ref> The brutal treatment of Ibrahim and Muhammad exacerbated hostility against al-Walid, playing a role in the caliph's own downfall and death and the outbreak of [[Third Fitna|civil war]] in the following year.
== Notes ==
== References ==
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* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
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[[Category:743 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Banu Makhzum]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Medina]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Third Fitna]]
==Career==
The sons of [[Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi]], Ibrahim and Muhammad were maternal uncles of the caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik]] (r. 724–743), who relied on them to act as his governors of the [[Hijaz]] for the majority of his reign.<ref>; .</ref> Although the sources frequently confuse the two brothers,<ref> states that Muhammad ibn Hisham was the governor of Mecca, Medina and al-Ta'if from 724 to 732 instead of Ibrahim, while and claim that Ibrahim was governor in 739 and 743 respectively instead of Muhammad.</ref> Ibrahim appears to have been appointed as governor of Medina, Mecca and al-Ta'if in 724 and to have been dismissed in 732,<ref>; ; . According to al-Tabari, ''op. cit.'', p. 29, Ibrahim also went campaigning on the Byzantine frontier in 726.</ref> and was also the caliph's choice to lead the pilgrimages of 724, 726–731 and possibly 732.<ref>; ; ; ; .</ref> During his governorship his appointees to lead the Medinese judiciary were [[Muhammad ibn Safwan al-Jumahi]] and [[al-Salt ibn Zubayd al-Kindi]].<ref>; ; ; .</ref>
In the last years of Hisham's reign Ibrahim and Muhammad were supporters of the caliph's unsuccessful plan to replace the heir-apparent [[Al-Walid II|al-Walid ibn Yazid]] with his own son [[Maslamah ibn Hisham|Maslamah]], but with the death of Hisham in 743 their political influence came to an end. Upon his accession to the caliphate al-Walid handed over the two brothers to his new governor of Medina, [[Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi]], who paraded them in front of the city inhabitants and had them flogged; shortly afterwards al-Walid ordered Yusuf to transfer Ibrahim and Muhammad to [[Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi|Yusuf ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafi]] in [[Iraq]], where together with [[Khalid al-Qasri|Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri]] they were tortured to death.<ref>; ; ; ; .</ref> The brutal treatment of Ibrahim and Muhammad exacerbated hostility against al-Walid, playing a role in the caliph's own downfall and death and the outbreak of [[Third Fitna|civil war]] in the following year.
== Notes ==
== References ==
*
*
*
*
*
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
*
*
[[Category:743 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Banu Makhzum]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Medina]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Third Fitna]]
December 26, 2017 at 08:56AM
