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Jules Garnier
Joe byrne: Typo in infobox
|birth_place=[[Saint-Étienne]]|death_date=|death_place=[[Gorbio]]|allegiance=France|rank=[[Commandant_(rank)#France|Commandant]]|branch=Auxiliary Engineers|serviceyears=1870-1871|battles=[[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, Defence of Dijon, commando raids against Buffon Bridge|commands=Commandant of the Auxiliary Engineers of the Army of Vosges|awards=Knight of the [[Legion of Honour]], Cross of the [[Order of Agricultural Merit]] (1888)|memorials=His name is given to a nickel-containing mineral he discovered, [[garniérite]], a school in [[New Caledonia]] is named after him, also a street in [[Nouméa]]|otherwork=metallurgical engineer, geologist, industrialist|family=}}
'''Jacque Jules Garnier''' (, [[Saint-Étienne]] - , [[Gorbio]]), was a French engineer and industrialist.
== Biography ==
[[File:Garniérite_Camp_Des_Sapins.jpg|thumb|<center>Garniérite, Mine de Camps des sapins, Thio, Province Nord, Nouvelle-Calédonie</center>]]
Garnier studied at the [[École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne School of Mines]] (1860). Upon leaving the School of Mines of Saint-Étienne , he worked for two years at the Steelworks of the Navy and the Railways, then carried out a geological study in Sardinia in 1862. He was sent to [[Nouméa]] as head of the mines department of [[New Caledonia]] in 1863. Until 1866 he traveled the island and discovered a new green [[nickel]] ore, having a large weight percent of nickel oxide,<ref name="Faust">Faust, G.T. (1966) The hydrous nickel-magnesium silicates – The garnierite group. The American Mineralogist, 51, 279-298.</ref> which was named [[Garnierite]] in his honor by his peers.<ref name="Pecora">Pecora, W.T., Hobbs, S.W. and Murata, J.K. (1949) Variations in garnierite from the nickel deposit near Riddle, Oregon. Economic Geology, 44, 13-23.</ref><ref name="Liversidge">Liversidge, A. (1880) Notes upon some minerals from New Caledonia. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 14, 227-246.</ref><ref>Garnier, J. (1885) Notice historique sur la découverte des minerai de nickel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Mémoires et comptes rendus des travaux de la société des ingénieurs civils pp 89-93. https://ift.tt/2yyHcTe> This discovery was formalized at the [[French Academy of Sciences|Paris Academy of Sciences]] in 1876. He also undertook missions in Canada . He received the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] at the age of 28.
In 1876, Jules Garnier filed a patent for the industrial exploitation of New Caledonian nickel and participated in the creation of a company (the future [[ERAMET|Société Le Nickel - SLN]]), by having the first nickel plant at Pointe-Chaleix in Nouméa. That same year, he filed a patent in February describing the principles and uses of ferronickel.
In the meantime, as commander of a battalion of volunteers, he took part in the [[Franco-Prussian War|Franco-Prussian War of 1870]]. He was involved in attacks on bridges, railroads, and so on. He experimented with one of his inventions, torpedoes (50 kg) fueled by [[flash cotton]], with effects as devastating as they were useless in a war lost too quickly. Garnier participated in the defense of [[Dijon]].
He led some reflections on urban transport in the capital, proposing construction of an underground train. Later, he did some research in the field both explosives (experienced during the conflict of 1871) and better use of steam (compound system , steam machine gun).
Several trips to North America and more specifically to Canada with his son Gilbert Garnier allow him to demonstrate his patents and processes. Since the nickel steel industry is developing, mining companies in Canada work with Jules Garnier because of his reputation. He was involved in the creation of entire plants as consulting engineer for the Canadian Copper Company (forerunner of the [[Inco]] mining group ).
Engineer-inventor, Jules Garnier is also known for the importance and diversity of his writings. Beyond the "simple" publication of research results and/or various projects, Jules Garnier was also a writer. He published a very large number of articles in the fields of science and technology, but also in journals of geography. His bibliography consists of more than 30 references, including his travelogues, his reference book ''"Le Fer"'' (i.e. "Iron"), and several inventions in various fields. After 1870, he even became secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris.
Jules Garnier died in [[Gorbio]] , March 8, 1904. He is buried in the cemetery of Crêt de Roch in Saint-Étienne. Jules Garnier still remains for New Caledonia, a key character in the [[Nickel mining in New Caledonia|origin of its industrial development]]. A school there, as well as a street in Nouméa bear his name.
== Publications and works ==
* ''Voyage à la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1867-1868, reéd. 1978, éd. du Cagou,''
* ''Excursion autour de l'île de Tahiti'', éd. E. Martinet 1869
* ''Notes géologiques sur l'Océanie, les îles Tahiti et Rapa'' Paris, éd. Dunod 1870
* ''Les Migrations Polynésiennes en Océanie d'après les faits naturels'' Paris, éd. E. Martinet 1870
* ''Voyage autour du Monde : OCÉANIE les îles des pins, Loyalty et Tahiti'' Paris, éd. Plon 1871
* ''La Lithologie du fond des mers'' par M. Delesse, Compte rendu et Extraits par M. Jules Garnier, 1872
* ''Dianémomètre'' avec M. Deprez éd. Imprimerie de J. Desoer, 1872
* ''Machines à percer, couper et abattre les roches'', ''Emploi de la Nitroglycérine'' avec [[Ernest Javal]] St Étienne, éd. Imprimerie de V° Théolier et C° 1891
* ''L'Or et le Diamant au Transvaal et au Cap'', éd. Librairie Polytechnique Baudry et Cie, 1896
== External Links (in French) ==
* [https://ift.tt/2tuXLKT Foréziens en Calédonie]
* [https://ift.tt/2tyuD4r Site Jules Garnier]
* [https://ift.tt/2tpRaB4 interview d'un de ses descendants]
* [https://ift.tt/2tzm9tE article paru dans ''Les Échos'' en août 2008]
<references />
'''Jacque Jules Garnier''' (, [[Saint-Étienne]] - , [[Gorbio]]), was a French engineer and industrialist.
== Biography ==
[[File:Garniérite_Camp_Des_Sapins.jpg|thumb|<center>Garniérite, Mine de Camps des sapins, Thio, Province Nord, Nouvelle-Calédonie</center>]]
Garnier studied at the [[École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne School of Mines]] (1860). Upon leaving the School of Mines of Saint-Étienne , he worked for two years at the Steelworks of the Navy and the Railways, then carried out a geological study in Sardinia in 1862. He was sent to [[Nouméa]] as head of the mines department of [[New Caledonia]] in 1863. Until 1866 he traveled the island and discovered a new green [[nickel]] ore, having a large weight percent of nickel oxide,<ref name="Faust">Faust, G.T. (1966) The hydrous nickel-magnesium silicates – The garnierite group. The American Mineralogist, 51, 279-298.</ref> which was named [[Garnierite]] in his honor by his peers.<ref name="Pecora">Pecora, W.T., Hobbs, S.W. and Murata, J.K. (1949) Variations in garnierite from the nickel deposit near Riddle, Oregon. Economic Geology, 44, 13-23.</ref><ref name="Liversidge">Liversidge, A. (1880) Notes upon some minerals from New Caledonia. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 14, 227-246.</ref><ref>Garnier, J. (1885) Notice historique sur la découverte des minerai de nickel de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Mémoires et comptes rendus des travaux de la société des ingénieurs civils pp 89-93. https://ift.tt/2yyHcTe> This discovery was formalized at the [[French Academy of Sciences|Paris Academy of Sciences]] in 1876. He also undertook missions in Canada . He received the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] at the age of 28.
In 1876, Jules Garnier filed a patent for the industrial exploitation of New Caledonian nickel and participated in the creation of a company (the future [[ERAMET|Société Le Nickel - SLN]]), by having the first nickel plant at Pointe-Chaleix in Nouméa. That same year, he filed a patent in February describing the principles and uses of ferronickel.
In the meantime, as commander of a battalion of volunteers, he took part in the [[Franco-Prussian War|Franco-Prussian War of 1870]]. He was involved in attacks on bridges, railroads, and so on. He experimented with one of his inventions, torpedoes (50 kg) fueled by [[flash cotton]], with effects as devastating as they were useless in a war lost too quickly. Garnier participated in the defense of [[Dijon]].
He led some reflections on urban transport in the capital, proposing construction of an underground train. Later, he did some research in the field both explosives (experienced during the conflict of 1871) and better use of steam (compound system , steam machine gun).
Several trips to North America and more specifically to Canada with his son Gilbert Garnier allow him to demonstrate his patents and processes. Since the nickel steel industry is developing, mining companies in Canada work with Jules Garnier because of his reputation. He was involved in the creation of entire plants as consulting engineer for the Canadian Copper Company (forerunner of the [[Inco]] mining group ).
Engineer-inventor, Jules Garnier is also known for the importance and diversity of his writings. Beyond the "simple" publication of research results and/or various projects, Jules Garnier was also a writer. He published a very large number of articles in the fields of science and technology, but also in journals of geography. His bibliography consists of more than 30 references, including his travelogues, his reference book ''"Le Fer"'' (i.e. "Iron"), and several inventions in various fields. After 1870, he even became secretary of the Geographical Society of Paris.
Jules Garnier died in [[Gorbio]] , March 8, 1904. He is buried in the cemetery of Crêt de Roch in Saint-Étienne. Jules Garnier still remains for New Caledonia, a key character in the [[Nickel mining in New Caledonia|origin of its industrial development]]. A school there, as well as a street in Nouméa bear his name.
== Publications and works ==
* ''Voyage à la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1867-1868, reéd. 1978, éd. du Cagou,''
* ''Excursion autour de l'île de Tahiti'', éd. E. Martinet 1869
* ''Notes géologiques sur l'Océanie, les îles Tahiti et Rapa'' Paris, éd. Dunod 1870
* ''Les Migrations Polynésiennes en Océanie d'après les faits naturels'' Paris, éd. E. Martinet 1870
* ''Voyage autour du Monde : OCÉANIE les îles des pins, Loyalty et Tahiti'' Paris, éd. Plon 1871
* ''La Lithologie du fond des mers'' par M. Delesse, Compte rendu et Extraits par M. Jules Garnier, 1872
* ''Dianémomètre'' avec M. Deprez éd. Imprimerie de J. Desoer, 1872
* ''Machines à percer, couper et abattre les roches'', ''Emploi de la Nitroglycérine'' avec [[Ernest Javal]] St Étienne, éd. Imprimerie de V° Théolier et C° 1891
* ''L'Or et le Diamant au Transvaal et au Cap'', éd. Librairie Polytechnique Baudry et Cie, 1896
== External Links (in French) ==
* [https://ift.tt/2tuXLKT Foréziens en Calédonie]
* [https://ift.tt/2tyuD4r Site Jules Garnier]
* [https://ift.tt/2tpRaB4 interview d'un de ses descendants]
* [https://ift.tt/2tzm9tE article paru dans ''Les Échos'' en août 2008]
<references />
June 24, 2018 at 06:49AM
