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Responsive computer-aided design
Edditive: Original article created
'''Responsive computer-aided design''' (also simplified to '''responsive design''') is an approach to [[Computer-aided design|computer-aided design]] (CAD) that utilizes real-world [[Sensor|sensors]] and data to modify a three-dimensional (3D) computer model. The concept is related to [[Cyber-physical system|cyber-physical systems]] through blurring of the virtual and physical worlds, however, applies specifically to the initial digital design of an object prior to production.
The process begins with a designer creating a basic design of an object using CAD software with [[Parametric design|parametric]] or [[Algorithm|algorithmic]] relationships. These relationships are then linked to physical sensors, allowing them to drive changes to the CAD model within the established parameters. Reasons to allow sensors to modify a CAD model include customizing a design to fit a user's [[anthropometry]], assisting people without CAD skills to personalize a design, or automating part of an iterative design process in similar fashion to [[Generative design|generative design]]. Once the sensors have affected the design it may then be manufactured as a one-off piece using a [[Digital modeling and fabrication|digital fabrication]] technology, or go through further development by a designer.
== Context ==
Responsive computer-aided design is enabled by [[Ubiquitous computing|ubiquitous computing]] and the [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]], concepts which describe the capacity for everyday objects to contain computing and sensing technologies. It is also enabled by the ability to directly manufacture one-off objects from digital data, using technologies such as [[3D printing]] and [[Numerical control|computer numerical control]] (CNC) machines. Such digital fabrication technologies allow for customization, and are drivers of the [[Mass customization|mass-customization]] phenomenon.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> They also provide new opportunities for consumers to participate in the design process, known as [[Participatory design|co-design]].
As these concepts mature, responsive design is emerging as an opportunity to reduce reliance on [[Graphical user interface|graphical user interfaces]] (GUIs) as the only method for designers and consumers to design products,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> aligning with claims by Golden Krishna that "the best design reduces work. The best computer is unseen. The best interaction is natural. The best interface is no interface."<ref></ref> Calls to reduce reliance on GUIs and automate some of the design process connects with [[Mark Weiser]]'s original vision of ubiquitous computing.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Related Concepts ==
A variety of similar research areas are based on [[Gesture recognition|gesture recognition]], with many projects using motion capture to track the physical motions of a designer and translate them into three-dimensional geometry suitable for digital fabrication.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> While these share similarities to responsive design through their cyber-physical systems, they require direct intent to design an object and some level of skill. These are not considered responsive, as responsive design occurs autonomously and may even occur without the user being aware that they are designing at all.
This topic has some common traits with [[Responsive web design|responsive web design]] and [[Responsive architecture|responsive architecture]], with both fields focused on systems design and adaptation based on functional conditions.
== Current Work ==
Responsive design systems have been developed by design researcher James Novak, for example a system that translates steps recorded by an [[Activity tracker|activity tracker]] into custom 3D models suitable for 3D printing as rewards for achieving goals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Another system allows users to create a custom pen through two processes: firstly, their grip is captured as they hold an electronic pen embedded with pressure sensors, customizing a 3D CAD model in real-time to fit their grip. Secondly, a simple shape they draw on paper is captured by a webcam and translated as a lattice structure through the new digital design. These custom pens are then 3D printed and a standard ballpoint ink cartridge inserted.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Responsive computer-aided design has also been used to customize fashion,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and is currently an active area of research in footwear by large companies like New Balance who are looking to customize shoe midsoles using foot pressure data from customers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
[[Sound#Longitudinal%20and%20transverse%20waves|Sound waves]] have also been popular to customize 3D models and produce sculptural forms of a baby's first cries,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> or a favorite song.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Design computing|Design Computing]]
* [[Four-dimensional product]]
* [[Industry 4.0]]
* [[Product design|Product Design]]
== References ==
The process begins with a designer creating a basic design of an object using CAD software with [[Parametric design|parametric]] or [[Algorithm|algorithmic]] relationships. These relationships are then linked to physical sensors, allowing them to drive changes to the CAD model within the established parameters. Reasons to allow sensors to modify a CAD model include customizing a design to fit a user's [[anthropometry]], assisting people without CAD skills to personalize a design, or automating part of an iterative design process in similar fashion to [[Generative design|generative design]]. Once the sensors have affected the design it may then be manufactured as a one-off piece using a [[Digital modeling and fabrication|digital fabrication]] technology, or go through further development by a designer.
== Context ==
Responsive computer-aided design is enabled by [[Ubiquitous computing|ubiquitous computing]] and the [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]], concepts which describe the capacity for everyday objects to contain computing and sensing technologies. It is also enabled by the ability to directly manufacture one-off objects from digital data, using technologies such as [[3D printing]] and [[Numerical control|computer numerical control]] (CNC) machines. Such digital fabrication technologies allow for customization, and are drivers of the [[Mass customization|mass-customization]] phenomenon.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> They also provide new opportunities for consumers to participate in the design process, known as [[Participatory design|co-design]].
As these concepts mature, responsive design is emerging as an opportunity to reduce reliance on [[Graphical user interface|graphical user interfaces]] (GUIs) as the only method for designers and consumers to design products,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> aligning with claims by Golden Krishna that "the best design reduces work. The best computer is unseen. The best interaction is natural. The best interface is no interface."<ref></ref> Calls to reduce reliance on GUIs and automate some of the design process connects with [[Mark Weiser]]'s original vision of ubiquitous computing.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Related Concepts ==
A variety of similar research areas are based on [[Gesture recognition|gesture recognition]], with many projects using motion capture to track the physical motions of a designer and translate them into three-dimensional geometry suitable for digital fabrication.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> While these share similarities to responsive design through their cyber-physical systems, they require direct intent to design an object and some level of skill. These are not considered responsive, as responsive design occurs autonomously and may even occur without the user being aware that they are designing at all.
This topic has some common traits with [[Responsive web design|responsive web design]] and [[Responsive architecture|responsive architecture]], with both fields focused on systems design and adaptation based on functional conditions.
== Current Work ==
Responsive design systems have been developed by design researcher James Novak, for example a system that translates steps recorded by an [[Activity tracker|activity tracker]] into custom 3D models suitable for 3D printing as rewards for achieving goals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Another system allows users to create a custom pen through two processes: firstly, their grip is captured as they hold an electronic pen embedded with pressure sensors, customizing a 3D CAD model in real-time to fit their grip. Secondly, a simple shape they draw on paper is captured by a webcam and translated as a lattice structure through the new digital design. These custom pens are then 3D printed and a standard ballpoint ink cartridge inserted.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Responsive computer-aided design has also been used to customize fashion,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> and is currently an active area of research in footwear by large companies like New Balance who are looking to customize shoe midsoles using foot pressure data from customers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
[[Sound#Longitudinal%20and%20transverse%20waves|Sound waves]] have also been popular to customize 3D models and produce sculptural forms of a baby's first cries,<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> or a favorite song.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Design computing|Design Computing]]
* [[Four-dimensional product]]
* [[Industry 4.0]]
* [[Product design|Product Design]]
== References ==
February 15, 2019 at 12:53PM
