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Max Windmüller
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'''Max Windmüller''', nickname "''Cor''" ([[February 7]] [[1920]] in [[Emden]], [[East Frisia]] - [[April 21]] [[1945]] in [[Cham (Oberpfalz) | Cham]], [[Oberpfalz]]), was a German member of the [[Dutch resistance]]. After he had to flee from the National Socialists to the Netherlands with his parents because of their Jewish faith, he joined the [[Westerweel] group] there and saved the lives of many Jewish children and young people. The members of the Westerweel group organized identification papers, hiding places and escape opportunities, especially for German-Jewish children and young people who had fled from [[Germany]]. In this group, Jews and members of other faiths worked together to save the persecuted Jews. Such cooperation was not a matter of course in the Netherlands either. Windmüller personally saved around 100 young Jews, and the entire Westerweel group saved 393 [[Jews]]. In July 1944 the Gestapo stormed a secret meeting in Paris. Windmüller and other members of the Jewish resistance were arrested. They were taken to [[Gestapo]] headquarters, interrogated and tortured. When the liberation of the camp by Allied troops was imminent, Windmüller was deported from occupied France with the last transport. On April 21, 1945, he was shot by a SS [[Schutzstaffel]] member.
== Life ==
=== Childhood ===
Max Windmüller was born the son of butcher and cattle dealer Moritz Windmüller and Jette Windmüller (''neé'': Seligmann) and had four siblings. He was named Max after his father's brother who had died in [[World War I | World War I]]. From 1926 to 1933 he attended the [[Judaism | Jewish]] [[Elementary School]] in Emden. In his last school year he became a member of [[Socialist Worker Youth | Socialist Worker Youth]].
=== Escape to the Netherlands ===
After the German authorities had withdrawn their father's business license, the family fled to the [[Netherlands]] in 1933. The family escaped via [[Delfzijl]] to [[Beilen]] to a sister of the mother. From there it went on to [[Groningen]]. Here, Windmüller and his brother Isaak joined a group that organized the emigration of young people to [[Palestine (Region) | Palestine]]. Isaac became the leader of this group, and Windmüller completed agricultural training on a farm near [[Assen]] in preparation for emigration to Palestine. Shortly before the outbreak of the [[World War II | War]] in 1939, his brother Isaak fled to Palestine on the ship "Dora", which brought immigrants there illegally.
Max, who was already on board, was persuaded by [[Rue Cohen]], the organizer of the training for Palestine pioneers, to go ashore again; he was to continue to help build the '' [[Hachsharah]] '', which brought young Jews from [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] to Palestine on Dutch farms.
In 1940 the Netherlands was invaded and occupied by the [[German Empire | German Empire]]. Now the Jews living there were also subject to the German regime. There was a traumatic event for the Jews in the Netherlands in 1941 when 900 Jews - all young people - were captured by the German occupiers and deported to the [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] were. By the end of September, almost all of them had been murdered in [[Mauthausen]]. The German occupation authorities threatened anyone who did not follow their orders with deportation to Mauthausen.
In view of this danger, many of the young people wishing to emigrate were preparing for a life in the [[underground movement | underground]]. They were supported by Dutch helpers. Windmüller met his later fiancée Metta Lande, a Jewish woman who had fled [[Vienna]]. In July 1942, the National Socialists began mass deportations from the Netherlands, tens of thousands of Jews were brought to the [[transit camp Westerbork]], from where weekly transports to the extermination camps [[KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau | Auschwitz]] and [[extermination camp Sobibor | Sobibor ]] started. Among the deportees were Windmüller's mother and his brother Salomon, along with his wife and child, who was only a few weeks old.
=== Westerweel group ===
[[Image: Joopwesterweel.gif |thumb| Joop Westerweel]]
During this time, Windmüller and his younger brother Emil hid in various places in the Netherlands, including in attics in [[Amsterdam]] and [[Haarlem]] for 13 months. He joined the [[Westerweel Group]], whose leader was the convinced pacifist [[Joop Westerweel]]. This group was dedicated to organizing hiding places and identity documents for Jewish refugees in the Netherlands. On August 14, 1942, the Amsterdam Jewish Council learned of the planned deportation of all children and adolescents and their educators. The group around Windmüller was informed about this in good time by [[Erika Blüth]]. On August 16, 1942, more than thirty Jewish youths disappeared from a home in Deventer Vereniging in [[Loosdrecht]] - three days after the leaders of the Palestine pioneers learned that the "children" had been picked up and taken to the so-called Westerbork Jewish transit camp should be. It was possible to find "submerged addresses" for them at short notice. Windmüller, however, was caught by the Gestapo for the first time and brought to the [[Westerbork Concentration Camp]], but was able to flee in a laundry car after only two days. He went into hiding with Frans and Henny Gerritsen in Haarlem, where his brother Emil was sometimes hidden with up to ten "Onderduikers" (people in hiding). Here was one of the centers of the Dutch underground. Frans was a graphic artist and, in collaboration with local resistance officials, was able to forge the urgently needed passports, grocery cards, marching orders and other documents. Windmüller received new papers, now officially called Cornelius Andringa and called himself "Cor." In 1943, the resistance group around Joop Westerweel, [[Menachem Pinkhof]], Joachim Simon and Max Windmüller contacted other Jewish groups via Belgium and France , to the [[Jewish Agency]] and to the [[Joint Distribution Committee | Joint]] (American Joint Distribution Committee). Windmüller and his group organized escape routes to the south [[Vichy regime | France]] s and across the [[Pyrenees]] to [[Spain]].
=== Windmüller in France ===
At the end of 1943, Max Windmüller became the liaison of the Jews in occupied France under his code name '' Cor ''. A whole group of young people worked with him, fighting for their own survival and that of their fellow Jews. In April 1944, Cor was on a rescue trip to Holland when the Gestapo arrested a first group of fellow combatants in his Paris apartment.
Cor and his comrades tried everything to find the whereabouts of the arrested and free them. His comrade Paula Kaufmann smuggled himself into the Gestapo headquarters in [[Chinatown # France | Chinatown]] as a secretary. The two pretended to be lovers when Max picked them up from work. Paula always came out of the head office with her boss and bypassed the controls. She brought out secret papers and blank papers in her pocket. Cor now had an identity card as a man of the [[Security Service of the Reichsführer SS | Security Service]] for the occupied territories in France and, due to his freedom of movement, was able to set up escape routes to the south of France and across the Pyrenees to Spain. All of them - Jewish refugees, mostly from Austria and Germany, including Max's fiancee Metta Lande - pretended to be Dutch as to the occupation authorities. Tens of thousands of civilian workers - Belgians, Danes, Dutch - were used to build the [[Atlantic Wall]] s. The Jewish refugees "swam" in these masses of people who were traveling from one job to another. Cors' job included picking up the individual refugees at the so-called green border - at illegal border crossings - and smuggling them through Belgium to the south of France.
Cor tirelessly traveled between the Netherlands, Belgium, northern France (Paris, Brittany) and southern France (Toulouse, Lyon). In this way he managed to smuggle around a hundred young people into freedom. So Cor also saved his brother Emil. Of the 716 young Jews living in the Netherlands "on Hachsharah", 393 survived through the commitment of the Westerweel Group.
In contact with the "Resistance Juive" operating in [[Vichy-France]], Cor and his group were involved in an unsuccessful attempt to free the captured Chaverim (comrades). They also wanted to connect the "Armée Juive" under construction with the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]]. They were deceived: the contact people, called "Lydia" and "Charles", worked as double agents not only for the British secret service, but also for the Gestapo.
=== Arrest ===
On July 18, 1944, the Gestapo stormed a secret meeting of the [Résistance] in Rue Erlanger in Paris after it was betrayed by the double agent [[Karl Rebh]]. Windmüller and other members of the Jewish resistance were arrested. The warrant was for treason, favoritism and espionage. Fortunately, Metta escaped her arrest. The arrested were taken to Gestapo headquarters in [[Rue de la Pompe]], interrogated and tortured, and Loebenberg died. The rest were taken to the [[Drancy]] camp via Fresnes prison. From there, a total of more than 61,000 people - Jews and resistance fighters - were deported to the death camps. From the group around Cor there were also Kurt Reilinger (Nanno), Paula Kaufmann, Alfred Fraenkel (Tzippy), Ernst Hirsch, Ernst Ascher, Gert Sperber, Paul Wolf and from the French group René Kapel, Jacques Lazarus and others.
=== Buchenwald Concentration Camp ===
[[Image: KZ-Tor_Buchenwald.jpg |thumb| Buchenwald concentration camp]]
When the liberation of the camp by Allied troops was imminent, Cor and another 50 people were deported from occupied France with the last transport. [[Alois Brunner]], who had been the head of a Gestapo special command and in a suburb of Paris, in the transit and [[Drancy]], since July [[1943]] started a wagon specifically for this purpose Attach "his" escape train that read: "Jews terrorists". Probably a show trial against the alleged "Jewish world conspiracy" should be staged at a later date. Metta followed friends in a car on the track of the train to the border in Liège - to no avail. Twenty-one prisoners managed to escape on the way, but Cor was not among them. Max Windmüller was registered on August 25, 1944 in [[Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] as a new entry under prisoner number 54573 as a stateless Jew, profession "agricultural worker". In addition to the yellow triangle for Jewish prisoners, he had to wear the [[marking of prisoners in concentration camps | red triangle]] of political prisoners. On September 20, 1944, Windmüller was sent to [[Bochum]] for forced labor in an armored plate factory of Eisen- und Hüttenwerk AG (today part of [[ThyssenKrupp AG]]). He was ordered to oversee his chamber with 16 fellow prisoners and, after a few days, was asked to be stricter. When he refused, he was assigned to the hardest jobs. The food ration consisted of ¾ liters of soup and 200 grams of bread a day. From March 7, 1945, Windmüller was again listed in the Buchenwald camp.
=== Death march from Buchenwald concentration camp ===
[[Image: Kz_flossenbuerg.jpg |thumb| At the entrance to the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial]]
On April 3, 1945, the last appeal was made in Buchenwald before the [[SS]] camp commandant [[Hermann Pister]]. The next day he gave the order to "evacuate" all Jewish prisoners. From April 7 to 10, 1945 - and thus shortly before the arrival of the American army - some of the Jewish prisoners were rounded up in the halls of the [[Deutsche Ausstandsungswerke | Deutsche Austausungswerke]]. Over 10,000 prisoners were marched in several transports with the aim of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp | Flossenbürg concentration camp]] (near [[Weiden in der Oberpfalz | Weiden]] on the Czech border). The first column was supposed to reach its destination on foot, but was actually destined to die on this [[death march]]. The detainees should "never fall into the hands of the enemy". Within a few kilometers to [[Weimar]], 40 prisoners were murdered and returned to the [[crematorium | camp crematorium]] on the same day. On the short route between [[Orlamünde]] and the Bavarian border, 238 prisoners were killed or shot by the SS.
Others were transported to Flossenbürg in open freight cars, including Paul Wolf and Max Windmüller. Because of the advancement of the Americans, their column was forced to walk from there to the Dachau concentration camp. All along the way, countless prisoners were left lying there due to physical weakness and ill-treatment, and were slain or shot by the SS. Only about 300 prisoners arrived in Dachau. On April 21, 1945, Max Windmüller was shot by a member of the SS after he had left the column to relax after being overcome by pneumonia and fever. Metta Lande, Max Windmüller's fiance, survived the Holocaust and later moved to Israel.
== Literatur ==
* Berrie J. Asscher: ''Van Mokum naar Jerusalem (1924–1944).'' Beerscheva 1996.
* Yigael Benjamin: ''They were our friends. A memorial for the members of the Hachsharot und Helalutz underground in Holland, murdered in the holocaust.'' Tel Aviv 1990.
* Jean-Francois Chaigneau: ''Le dernier Wagon.'' Paris 1981. ISBN 2-260-00273-0
* Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi (Hrsg.): ''Die wir verloren haben. Lebensgeschichten Emder Juden.'' Aurich 1991. ISBN 3-925365-31-1
* René S. Kapel: ''Un rabbin dans la tourmente (1940–1944).'' Centre de documentation juive contemporaine, Paris 1986.
* Anny Latour: ''The Jewish Resistance in France 1940–1944.'' Holocaust Library, New York 1981. ISBN 0-89604-026-7
* Lucien Lazare: ''La résistance Juive en France. Un combat pour la survie.'' Paris 2001. ISBN 2-902969-73-2
* Jacques Lazarus: ''Les Juifs au combat. Témoignage sur l'activité d'un mouvement de résistance.'' Centre de documentation juive contemporaine CDJC, Paris 1947.
* Klaus Meyer-Dettum: ''Max Windmüller (1920–1945). Eine Recherche.'' Arbeitskreis ''Juden in Emden'', Emden 1997, [https://ift.tt/2OxhYda online], bearbeitet
<references/>
== Weblinks ==
* [https://ift.tt/370Zbxj Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands – Westerweel group]
* [https://ift.tt/377bmsB Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands – Max Windmüller]
* [https://ift.tt/2SsHLnY Gedächtnis und Hoffnungen des Widerstandes] (in French)
* [https://ift.tt/2S3qK54 Internet site about Dachau Death March]
== Life ==
=== Childhood ===
Max Windmüller was born the son of butcher and cattle dealer Moritz Windmüller and Jette Windmüller (''neé'': Seligmann) and had four siblings. He was named Max after his father's brother who had died in [[World War I | World War I]]. From 1926 to 1933 he attended the [[Judaism | Jewish]] [[Elementary School]] in Emden. In his last school year he became a member of [[Socialist Worker Youth | Socialist Worker Youth]].
=== Escape to the Netherlands ===
After the German authorities had withdrawn their father's business license, the family fled to the [[Netherlands]] in 1933. The family escaped via [[Delfzijl]] to [[Beilen]] to a sister of the mother. From there it went on to [[Groningen]]. Here, Windmüller and his brother Isaak joined a group that organized the emigration of young people to [[Palestine (Region) | Palestine]]. Isaac became the leader of this group, and Windmüller completed agricultural training on a farm near [[Assen]] in preparation for emigration to Palestine. Shortly before the outbreak of the [[World War II | War]] in 1939, his brother Isaak fled to Palestine on the ship "Dora", which brought immigrants there illegally.
Max, who was already on board, was persuaded by [[Rue Cohen]], the organizer of the training for Palestine pioneers, to go ashore again; he was to continue to help build the '' [[Hachsharah]] '', which brought young Jews from [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] to Palestine on Dutch farms.
In 1940 the Netherlands was invaded and occupied by the [[German Empire | German Empire]]. Now the Jews living there were also subject to the German regime. There was a traumatic event for the Jews in the Netherlands in 1941 when 900 Jews - all young people - were captured by the German occupiers and deported to the [[Mauthausen concentration camp]] were. By the end of September, almost all of them had been murdered in [[Mauthausen]]. The German occupation authorities threatened anyone who did not follow their orders with deportation to Mauthausen.
In view of this danger, many of the young people wishing to emigrate were preparing for a life in the [[underground movement | underground]]. They were supported by Dutch helpers. Windmüller met his later fiancée Metta Lande, a Jewish woman who had fled [[Vienna]]. In July 1942, the National Socialists began mass deportations from the Netherlands, tens of thousands of Jews were brought to the [[transit camp Westerbork]], from where weekly transports to the extermination camps [[KZ_Auschwitz-Birkenau | Auschwitz]] and [[extermination camp Sobibor | Sobibor ]] started. Among the deportees were Windmüller's mother and his brother Salomon, along with his wife and child, who was only a few weeks old.
=== Westerweel group ===
[[Image: Joopwesterweel.gif |thumb| Joop Westerweel]]
During this time, Windmüller and his younger brother Emil hid in various places in the Netherlands, including in attics in [[Amsterdam]] and [[Haarlem]] for 13 months. He joined the [[Westerweel Group]], whose leader was the convinced pacifist [[Joop Westerweel]]. This group was dedicated to organizing hiding places and identity documents for Jewish refugees in the Netherlands. On August 14, 1942, the Amsterdam Jewish Council learned of the planned deportation of all children and adolescents and their educators. The group around Windmüller was informed about this in good time by [[Erika Blüth]]. On August 16, 1942, more than thirty Jewish youths disappeared from a home in Deventer Vereniging in [[Loosdrecht]] - three days after the leaders of the Palestine pioneers learned that the "children" had been picked up and taken to the so-called Westerbork Jewish transit camp should be. It was possible to find "submerged addresses" for them at short notice. Windmüller, however, was caught by the Gestapo for the first time and brought to the [[Westerbork Concentration Camp]], but was able to flee in a laundry car after only two days. He went into hiding with Frans and Henny Gerritsen in Haarlem, where his brother Emil was sometimes hidden with up to ten "Onderduikers" (people in hiding). Here was one of the centers of the Dutch underground. Frans was a graphic artist and, in collaboration with local resistance officials, was able to forge the urgently needed passports, grocery cards, marching orders and other documents. Windmüller received new papers, now officially called Cornelius Andringa and called himself "Cor." In 1943, the resistance group around Joop Westerweel, [[Menachem Pinkhof]], Joachim Simon and Max Windmüller contacted other Jewish groups via Belgium and France , to the [[Jewish Agency]] and to the [[Joint Distribution Committee | Joint]] (American Joint Distribution Committee). Windmüller and his group organized escape routes to the south [[Vichy regime | France]] s and across the [[Pyrenees]] to [[Spain]].
=== Windmüller in France ===
At the end of 1943, Max Windmüller became the liaison of the Jews in occupied France under his code name '' Cor ''. A whole group of young people worked with him, fighting for their own survival and that of their fellow Jews. In April 1944, Cor was on a rescue trip to Holland when the Gestapo arrested a first group of fellow combatants in his Paris apartment.
Cor and his comrades tried everything to find the whereabouts of the arrested and free them. His comrade Paula Kaufmann smuggled himself into the Gestapo headquarters in [[Chinatown # France | Chinatown]] as a secretary. The two pretended to be lovers when Max picked them up from work. Paula always came out of the head office with her boss and bypassed the controls. She brought out secret papers and blank papers in her pocket. Cor now had an identity card as a man of the [[Security Service of the Reichsführer SS | Security Service]] for the occupied territories in France and, due to his freedom of movement, was able to set up escape routes to the south of France and across the Pyrenees to Spain. All of them - Jewish refugees, mostly from Austria and Germany, including Max's fiancee Metta Lande - pretended to be Dutch as to the occupation authorities. Tens of thousands of civilian workers - Belgians, Danes, Dutch - were used to build the [[Atlantic Wall]] s. The Jewish refugees "swam" in these masses of people who were traveling from one job to another. Cors' job included picking up the individual refugees at the so-called green border - at illegal border crossings - and smuggling them through Belgium to the south of France.
Cor tirelessly traveled between the Netherlands, Belgium, northern France (Paris, Brittany) and southern France (Toulouse, Lyon). In this way he managed to smuggle around a hundred young people into freedom. So Cor also saved his brother Emil. Of the 716 young Jews living in the Netherlands "on Hachsharah", 393 survived through the commitment of the Westerweel Group.
In contact with the "Resistance Juive" operating in [[Vichy-France]], Cor and his group were involved in an unsuccessful attempt to free the captured Chaverim (comrades). They also wanted to connect the "Armée Juive" under construction with the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]]. They were deceived: the contact people, called "Lydia" and "Charles", worked as double agents not only for the British secret service, but also for the Gestapo.
=== Arrest ===
On July 18, 1944, the Gestapo stormed a secret meeting of the [Résistance] in Rue Erlanger in Paris after it was betrayed by the double agent [[Karl Rebh]]. Windmüller and other members of the Jewish resistance were arrested. The warrant was for treason, favoritism and espionage. Fortunately, Metta escaped her arrest. The arrested were taken to Gestapo headquarters in [[Rue de la Pompe]], interrogated and tortured, and Loebenberg died. The rest were taken to the [[Drancy]] camp via Fresnes prison. From there, a total of more than 61,000 people - Jews and resistance fighters - were deported to the death camps. From the group around Cor there were also Kurt Reilinger (Nanno), Paula Kaufmann, Alfred Fraenkel (Tzippy), Ernst Hirsch, Ernst Ascher, Gert Sperber, Paul Wolf and from the French group René Kapel, Jacques Lazarus and others.
=== Buchenwald Concentration Camp ===
[[Image: KZ-Tor_Buchenwald.jpg |thumb| Buchenwald concentration camp]]
When the liberation of the camp by Allied troops was imminent, Cor and another 50 people were deported from occupied France with the last transport. [[Alois Brunner]], who had been the head of a Gestapo special command and in a suburb of Paris, in the transit and [[Drancy]], since July [[1943]] started a wagon specifically for this purpose Attach "his" escape train that read: "Jews terrorists". Probably a show trial against the alleged "Jewish world conspiracy" should be staged at a later date. Metta followed friends in a car on the track of the train to the border in Liège - to no avail. Twenty-one prisoners managed to escape on the way, but Cor was not among them. Max Windmüller was registered on August 25, 1944 in [[Buchenwald Concentration Camp]] as a new entry under prisoner number 54573 as a stateless Jew, profession "agricultural worker". In addition to the yellow triangle for Jewish prisoners, he had to wear the [[marking of prisoners in concentration camps | red triangle]] of political prisoners. On September 20, 1944, Windmüller was sent to [[Bochum]] for forced labor in an armored plate factory of Eisen- und Hüttenwerk AG (today part of [[ThyssenKrupp AG]]). He was ordered to oversee his chamber with 16 fellow prisoners and, after a few days, was asked to be stricter. When he refused, he was assigned to the hardest jobs. The food ration consisted of ¾ liters of soup and 200 grams of bread a day. From March 7, 1945, Windmüller was again listed in the Buchenwald camp.
=== Death march from Buchenwald concentration camp ===
[[Image: Kz_flossenbuerg.jpg |thumb| At the entrance to the Flossenbürg Concentration Camp Memorial]]
On April 3, 1945, the last appeal was made in Buchenwald before the [[SS]] camp commandant [[Hermann Pister]]. The next day he gave the order to "evacuate" all Jewish prisoners. From April 7 to 10, 1945 - and thus shortly before the arrival of the American army - some of the Jewish prisoners were rounded up in the halls of the [[Deutsche Ausstandsungswerke | Deutsche Austausungswerke]]. Over 10,000 prisoners were marched in several transports with the aim of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp | Flossenbürg concentration camp]] (near [[Weiden in der Oberpfalz | Weiden]] on the Czech border). The first column was supposed to reach its destination on foot, but was actually destined to die on this [[death march]]. The detainees should "never fall into the hands of the enemy". Within a few kilometers to [[Weimar]], 40 prisoners were murdered and returned to the [[crematorium | camp crematorium]] on the same day. On the short route between [[Orlamünde]] and the Bavarian border, 238 prisoners were killed or shot by the SS.
Others were transported to Flossenbürg in open freight cars, including Paul Wolf and Max Windmüller. Because of the advancement of the Americans, their column was forced to walk from there to the Dachau concentration camp. All along the way, countless prisoners were left lying there due to physical weakness and ill-treatment, and were slain or shot by the SS. Only about 300 prisoners arrived in Dachau. On April 21, 1945, Max Windmüller was shot by a member of the SS after he had left the column to relax after being overcome by pneumonia and fever. Metta Lande, Max Windmüller's fiance, survived the Holocaust and later moved to Israel.
== Literatur ==
* Berrie J. Asscher: ''Van Mokum naar Jerusalem (1924–1944).'' Beerscheva 1996.
* Yigael Benjamin: ''They were our friends. A memorial for the members of the Hachsharot und Helalutz underground in Holland, murdered in the holocaust.'' Tel Aviv 1990.
* Jean-Francois Chaigneau: ''Le dernier Wagon.'' Paris 1981. ISBN 2-260-00273-0
* Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi (Hrsg.): ''Die wir verloren haben. Lebensgeschichten Emder Juden.'' Aurich 1991. ISBN 3-925365-31-1
* René S. Kapel: ''Un rabbin dans la tourmente (1940–1944).'' Centre de documentation juive contemporaine, Paris 1986.
* Anny Latour: ''The Jewish Resistance in France 1940–1944.'' Holocaust Library, New York 1981. ISBN 0-89604-026-7
* Lucien Lazare: ''La résistance Juive en France. Un combat pour la survie.'' Paris 2001. ISBN 2-902969-73-2
* Jacques Lazarus: ''Les Juifs au combat. Témoignage sur l'activité d'un mouvement de résistance.'' Centre de documentation juive contemporaine CDJC, Paris 1947.
* Klaus Meyer-Dettum: ''Max Windmüller (1920–1945). Eine Recherche.'' Arbeitskreis ''Juden in Emden'', Emden 1997, [https://ift.tt/2OxhYda online], bearbeitet
<references/>
== Weblinks ==
* [https://ift.tt/370Zbxj Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands – Westerweel group]
* [https://ift.tt/377bmsB Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands – Max Windmüller]
* [https://ift.tt/2SsHLnY Gedächtnis und Hoffnungen des Widerstandes] (in French)
* [https://ift.tt/2S3qK54 Internet site about Dachau Death March]
February 07, 2020 at 11:33AM
