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Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin
Zarasophos: fixed jadidism link
'''Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin''' (* 12. Januar [[1858]] in Kichuchat, [[Samara]]; † [[1936]]) was a Tatar Scholar that lived in the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Soviet Union]]. His numerous works on religious, political and pedagogical subjects were a part of the [[Jadidism|Jadidist movement]], and the newspaper [[Shura (newspaper)|Shura]], which he created and published, was an important way of political discussion for Muslims in the late Empire.
==Life==
Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin was born as son of a [[Mullah]] in the village of Kichuchat in the gouvernement [[Samara]]. He studied at the [[Maktab]] in his village, which his father led, and then at the [[Madrasa]] in the near village of Chelsheli. At the age of 30, he became Mullah and leader of the Madrasa in the village of Ilbek. In 1891, he was elected [[Qadi]], meaning he became a member of the Russian religious administration for Muslims (''Sobranie''); he therefore moved to its seat in [[Ufa]].<ref name="tahir">Mahmud Tahir: ''Rizaeddin Fahreddin'', in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), p. 111-115.</ref> There, he administrated the extensive archive of the agency. During the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], he submitted an extensive reform program to the Muftis of the ''Sobranie''. This program, among other things, included the extension of the responsibility of the agency over the [[Khazak]] Muslims. The Russian government refused the program due to the expected gain in power this centralization would have brought for the Muslims.<ref name="rorlich">Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: ''The Volga Tatars'', Stanford 1986; p. 53-58.</ref>
In 1906, Fakhreddin retired from his religious office and became editor of the Orenburg Newspaper ''Vagt''. Two years later, he started publishing his newspaper [[Shura (newspaper)|Shura]], which became the longest-lived of the Tatar newspapers in the [[Russian Empire]]. After the [[Russian Revolution|Revolution of 1917]], in 1921, he again took on a religious office and was Mufti of the European regions of Russia until his death in 1936. He avoided cooperating with the Soviets as much as possible.<ref name="kurzman">[[Charles Kurzman]]: ''Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook'', New York 2002, p. 33.</ref>
==Work==
As it was a part of [[Jadidism]], Fakhreddins work was influenced by many other Djadids. For example, he studied at the Madrasa of [[Shahabeddin Marjani]] for some time and later met the political activist [[Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī]] during a journey in [[St. Petersburg]]. The Egyptian scholar [[Muhammad Abduh]] was another influence.
Fakhreddin spoke Arabic, Persian, Turkic and Russian. He used Turki, which had been proclaimed by [[Ismail Gaspirali]] as common language for all Turkic people, but kept Tatar linguistic pecularities.<ref name="tahir"></ref>
Fakhreddin was an extremely productive author, who wrote more than sixty books during his life.<ref>[https://ift.tt/2HI9FpM Article in the Oxford Dictionary of Islam]</ref> His most important work is a two-volume edition of biographies of Central Asian Scholars (''Asar'' and ''Meshhur Irler''), which he wrote while he was at the archive of the Muslim religious administration. On some of the depicted individuals (which include [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]], [[Ibn Arabi]], [[Al-Ghazali]] and [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]) his work still remains the best source.
He also published journalistic texts, books and essays on the general situation of Muslims in Russia, pedagogical works or on social debates (for example on women's education and family politics).<ref name = "kurzman"/> His essay ''Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad'', published in 1906, is a critique against the reform demands of the [[Ulama]] against the Russian rulers, which Fakhreddin regarded as too vague.<ref name="rorlich"/>
According to Azade-Ayşe Rorlich, the importance of education for the overcoming of poverty and the possibility of a reconciliation of Islam and science were central parts of Fakhreddins world view. He saw the rise and fall of nations as directly connected to their belief systems and therefore believed that a renunciation of superstition and a return to the beginnings of Islam would be necessary for a Muslim renaissance. He also criticized the historical work of [[Ibn Khallikan]] due to his concentration on the doings of rulers and tried to honor the deeds of "normal" Muslims in his books and writings.<ref name="rorlich"/>
==Works (Selection)==
*''Asar''
*''Meshhur Irler'' ("Famous People")
*''Munasib Diniye'' ("On Religion")
*''Islamlar haqinda kükümet tedbirleri'' ("The actions of the government concerning Muslims")
*''Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad'' ("The needs of the Russian Muslims and a critique of them")
==Bibliography==
* Ahmet Kanlidere: ''Reform within Islam. The Tajdid and Jadid Movement among the Kazan Tatars (1809-1917)'', Istanbul 1997; p. 50-52.
* Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: ''The Volga Tatars'', Stanford 1986; p. 53-58.
* [[Charles Kurzman]]: ''Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook'', New York 2002, p. 33.
* Ismail Türkoğlu: ''Rusya Türkleri Arasindaki Yenileşme Hareketinin Öncülerinden Rizaeddin Fahreddin (1858-1936) (Rizaeddin Fahreddin, A Pioneer of the Renewal Movement of the Turks of Russia)'', Istanbul 2000.
* Mahmud Tahir: ''Rizaeddin Fahreddin'', in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), S. 111-115.
* Ömer Hakan Özalp: ''Rizaeddin bin Fahreddin'', Istanbul 2001.
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Jadids]]
[[Category:Islam in Russia]]
[[Category:Tatar journalists]]
[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Soviet journalists]]
[[Category:Tatar publishers]]
[[Category:Russian publishers]]
[[Category:Soviet publishers]]
[[Category:Tatar writers]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:Soviet writers]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Men]]
==Life==
Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin was born as son of a [[Mullah]] in the village of Kichuchat in the gouvernement [[Samara]]. He studied at the [[Maktab]] in his village, which his father led, and then at the [[Madrasa]] in the near village of Chelsheli. At the age of 30, he became Mullah and leader of the Madrasa in the village of Ilbek. In 1891, he was elected [[Qadi]], meaning he became a member of the Russian religious administration for Muslims (''Sobranie''); he therefore moved to its seat in [[Ufa]].<ref name="tahir">Mahmud Tahir: ''Rizaeddin Fahreddin'', in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), p. 111-115.</ref> There, he administrated the extensive archive of the agency. During the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], he submitted an extensive reform program to the Muftis of the ''Sobranie''. This program, among other things, included the extension of the responsibility of the agency over the [[Khazak]] Muslims. The Russian government refused the program due to the expected gain in power this centralization would have brought for the Muslims.<ref name="rorlich">Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: ''The Volga Tatars'', Stanford 1986; p. 53-58.</ref>
In 1906, Fakhreddin retired from his religious office and became editor of the Orenburg Newspaper ''Vagt''. Two years later, he started publishing his newspaper [[Shura (newspaper)|Shura]], which became the longest-lived of the Tatar newspapers in the [[Russian Empire]]. After the [[Russian Revolution|Revolution of 1917]], in 1921, he again took on a religious office and was Mufti of the European regions of Russia until his death in 1936. He avoided cooperating with the Soviets as much as possible.<ref name="kurzman">[[Charles Kurzman]]: ''Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook'', New York 2002, p. 33.</ref>
==Work==
As it was a part of [[Jadidism]], Fakhreddins work was influenced by many other Djadids. For example, he studied at the Madrasa of [[Shahabeddin Marjani]] for some time and later met the political activist [[Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī]] during a journey in [[St. Petersburg]]. The Egyptian scholar [[Muhammad Abduh]] was another influence.
Fakhreddin spoke Arabic, Persian, Turkic and Russian. He used Turki, which had been proclaimed by [[Ismail Gaspirali]] as common language for all Turkic people, but kept Tatar linguistic pecularities.<ref name="tahir"></ref>
Fakhreddin was an extremely productive author, who wrote more than sixty books during his life.<ref>[https://ift.tt/2HI9FpM Article in the Oxford Dictionary of Islam]</ref> His most important work is a two-volume edition of biographies of Central Asian Scholars (''Asar'' and ''Meshhur Irler''), which he wrote while he was at the archive of the Muslim religious administration. On some of the depicted individuals (which include [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]], [[Ibn Arabi]], [[Al-Ghazali]] and [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]) his work still remains the best source.
He also published journalistic texts, books and essays on the general situation of Muslims in Russia, pedagogical works or on social debates (for example on women's education and family politics).<ref name = "kurzman"/> His essay ''Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad'', published in 1906, is a critique against the reform demands of the [[Ulama]] against the Russian rulers, which Fakhreddin regarded as too vague.<ref name="rorlich"/>
According to Azade-Ayşe Rorlich, the importance of education for the overcoming of poverty and the possibility of a reconciliation of Islam and science were central parts of Fakhreddins world view. He saw the rise and fall of nations as directly connected to their belief systems and therefore believed that a renunciation of superstition and a return to the beginnings of Islam would be necessary for a Muslim renaissance. He also criticized the historical work of [[Ibn Khallikan]] due to his concentration on the doings of rulers and tried to honor the deeds of "normal" Muslims in his books and writings.<ref name="rorlich"/>
==Works (Selection)==
*''Asar''
*''Meshhur Irler'' ("Famous People")
*''Munasib Diniye'' ("On Religion")
*''Islamlar haqinda kükümet tedbirleri'' ("The actions of the government concerning Muslims")
*''Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad'' ("The needs of the Russian Muslims and a critique of them")
==Bibliography==
* Ahmet Kanlidere: ''Reform within Islam. The Tajdid and Jadid Movement among the Kazan Tatars (1809-1917)'', Istanbul 1997; p. 50-52.
* Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: ''The Volga Tatars'', Stanford 1986; p. 53-58.
* [[Charles Kurzman]]: ''Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook'', New York 2002, p. 33.
* Ismail Türkoğlu: ''Rusya Türkleri Arasindaki Yenileşme Hareketinin Öncülerinden Rizaeddin Fahreddin (1858-1936) (Rizaeddin Fahreddin, A Pioneer of the Renewal Movement of the Turks of Russia)'', Istanbul 2000.
* Mahmud Tahir: ''Rizaeddin Fahreddin'', in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), S. 111-115.
* Ömer Hakan Özalp: ''Rizaeddin bin Fahreddin'', Istanbul 2001.
==References==
<references />
[[Category:Jadids]]
[[Category:Islam in Russia]]
[[Category:Tatar journalists]]
[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Soviet journalists]]
[[Category:Tatar publishers]]
[[Category:Russian publishers]]
[[Category:Soviet publishers]]
[[Category:Tatar writers]]
[[Category:Russian writers]]
[[Category:Soviet writers]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Men]]
April 30, 2018 at 11:41PM
