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The Polyglothal Bible
Alumno ESL: /* The Process */
The Bible of Cisneros, Biblia políglota complutense, or simply the polyglottal bible, was a combination of translation and compilation efforts put together by [[Cardinal Cisneros|Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]], the [[Cardinal Cisneros]]. It consisted of a compilation of the three original versions of the Bible, together with a Latin translation accomplished by the comparative reading of the three original sources simultaneously(Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek), to adjust best for accuracy.
==Precedents==
The polyglottal bible was the result of [[Toledo School of Translators|Spain's long lasting tradition of translations]] of texts. Through centuries the intellectual class of Iberia had developed a deep understanding of the issues of translation and the difficulty of conveying, or even interpreting meaning correctly across languages. Religious texts were known to be particularly difficult due to their high metaphorical content and how dependant on the context in which they were written they tended to be. This sparked a debate in Spain about the convenience of continuing the translating religious texts and the best way to do it over a century prior to the reformation.
The customary answer to this debate was to ask religious authorities to examine the translation and cross-check different translations to Castillian, but that in turn created a debate about the qualifications of the religious authority itself to properly translate from the original sources. One of the answers to this debate was the polyglottal bible, which Cisneros hoped would end the issue forever.
==The Process==
The works started on 1502 and took 15 years to be completed.
[[Diego López de Zúñiga]], also known as [[Jacobus Stunica]] († 1531), was the chief editor and fluent in Latin as well as both Aramaic and Arabic.
He was given a team of various translators. Converted translators and academics were favoured and specifically sought since they were fluent in the source languages and the cultures of the texts. Second in command[[Alfonso de Zamora]] (1476-1544) was a converted Jewish scholar, an expert in thalamic studies, and spoke Hebrew as his first language. Other conversos working on the project were [[Alonso de Alcalá]], [[Pablo Coronel]]. [[Demetrio Ducas]] a scholar from Crete and [[Hernán Núñez de Toledo]] (" The Pincian") were in charge of the translation from Greek manuscripts. [[Antonio de Nebrija]] was specifically called for the translation of the Vulgate. [[Hernán Núñez de Toledo]] (1475-1553) was the chief Latinist.
==The Bible==
The work was organized in six volumes. Each page was divided into three parallel columns. The first column showed the Hebrew version, the middle column showed the "Vulgata latina" and the interior column showed the "Greek Septuagint". For each page of the Pentateuch there is a fourth column with the Aramaic text(the [[Targum Onkelos]]) and the Targum Onkelos's own translation to Latin is written at the end of the page.
Volume 5 contains the New Testament, divided into two columns. The first column is written in greek and the second in Latin.
Volume 6 was entirely devoted to a dictionary and glossary of terms of Hebrew and Aramaic, interpretations of the meaning of names in those languages ( for example, some of the observations made by [[Richard Carrier]] regarding the symbolic meaning of the names in the Bible were already made by the glossary fo this text) and clarifications regarding the connotations and grammatical peculiarities of the four languages used that may interfere with meaning.
Cisneros considered this Bible the pinnacle of his pastoral labour. He died five months after the bible was finished and never got to see it published. [[Pope Leon X]] León X was consulted, according to tradition, and approved the translation in 1520. The distribution started in 1522. Of the 600 copies made, about 120 are still in existence today.
==Trivia==
* Cisneros was so committed to this work that he paid the entire project with his own money, finding the manuscripts the experts couldn't find by himself.
* The [[Monasterio del Escorial]] under [[Philip II]] used to have a copy of the text the king made good use of, but it was lost during a fire.
* In order to print the Greek parts, Spain had to develop printing greek characters.
==Other links==
* [https://ift.tt/2wXHthL Biblia Políglota Complutense. Volúmenes I-V. Biblioteca digital de Castilla-La Mancha.](Scanned copy)
* [https://ift.tt/2rYWJG3 "Vetus testamentū multiplici lingua nūc primo impressum ... adiūcta vnicuique sua latina interpretatione"], 1514, volúmenes II-VI, digitalizada en la [[Biblioteca Digital Hispánica]] de la [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]](In Spanish)
* [https://ift.tt/2GAbfbC Revista DUKE]
==Precedents==
The polyglottal bible was the result of [[Toledo School of Translators|Spain's long lasting tradition of translations]] of texts. Through centuries the intellectual class of Iberia had developed a deep understanding of the issues of translation and the difficulty of conveying, or even interpreting meaning correctly across languages. Religious texts were known to be particularly difficult due to their high metaphorical content and how dependant on the context in which they were written they tended to be. This sparked a debate in Spain about the convenience of continuing the translating religious texts and the best way to do it over a century prior to the reformation.
The customary answer to this debate was to ask religious authorities to examine the translation and cross-check different translations to Castillian, but that in turn created a debate about the qualifications of the religious authority itself to properly translate from the original sources. One of the answers to this debate was the polyglottal bible, which Cisneros hoped would end the issue forever.
==The Process==
The works started on 1502 and took 15 years to be completed.
[[Diego López de Zúñiga]], also known as [[Jacobus Stunica]] († 1531), was the chief editor and fluent in Latin as well as both Aramaic and Arabic.
He was given a team of various translators. Converted translators and academics were favoured and specifically sought since they were fluent in the source languages and the cultures of the texts. Second in command[[Alfonso de Zamora]] (1476-1544) was a converted Jewish scholar, an expert in thalamic studies, and spoke Hebrew as his first language. Other conversos working on the project were [[Alonso de Alcalá]], [[Pablo Coronel]]. [[Demetrio Ducas]] a scholar from Crete and [[Hernán Núñez de Toledo]] (" The Pincian") were in charge of the translation from Greek manuscripts. [[Antonio de Nebrija]] was specifically called for the translation of the Vulgate. [[Hernán Núñez de Toledo]] (1475-1553) was the chief Latinist.
==The Bible==
The work was organized in six volumes. Each page was divided into three parallel columns. The first column showed the Hebrew version, the middle column showed the "Vulgata latina" and the interior column showed the "Greek Septuagint". For each page of the Pentateuch there is a fourth column with the Aramaic text(the [[Targum Onkelos]]) and the Targum Onkelos's own translation to Latin is written at the end of the page.
Volume 5 contains the New Testament, divided into two columns. The first column is written in greek and the second in Latin.
Volume 6 was entirely devoted to a dictionary and glossary of terms of Hebrew and Aramaic, interpretations of the meaning of names in those languages ( for example, some of the observations made by [[Richard Carrier]] regarding the symbolic meaning of the names in the Bible were already made by the glossary fo this text) and clarifications regarding the connotations and grammatical peculiarities of the four languages used that may interfere with meaning.
Cisneros considered this Bible the pinnacle of his pastoral labour. He died five months after the bible was finished and never got to see it published. [[Pope Leon X]] León X was consulted, according to tradition, and approved the translation in 1520. The distribution started in 1522. Of the 600 copies made, about 120 are still in existence today.
==Trivia==
* Cisneros was so committed to this work that he paid the entire project with his own money, finding the manuscripts the experts couldn't find by himself.
* The [[Monasterio del Escorial]] under [[Philip II]] used to have a copy of the text the king made good use of, but it was lost during a fire.
* In order to print the Greek parts, Spain had to develop printing greek characters.
==Other links==
* [https://ift.tt/2wXHthL Biblia Políglota Complutense. Volúmenes I-V. Biblioteca digital de Castilla-La Mancha.](Scanned copy)
* [https://ift.tt/2rYWJG3 "Vetus testamentū multiplici lingua nūc primo impressum ... adiūcta vnicuique sua latina interpretatione"], 1514, volúmenes II-VI, digitalizada en la [[Biblioteca Digital Hispánica]] de la [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]](In Spanish)
* [https://ift.tt/2GAbfbC Revista DUKE]
May 21, 2018 at 07:15AM
