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Ship's articles
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The '''ship's articles''' ('''shipping articles''', more formally the '''ship's articles of agreement''') is the set of documents that constitute the contract between the seamen and the captain (master) of a vessel.<ref></ref><ref></ref> They specify the name of the ship, the conditions of employment (including the size and ratings of the intended complement), seamen's compensation (shares or payments), the nature of the voyage(s) and duration,<ref>''In interpreting the Act, the words "nature of the voyage" must have such a rational construction as to answer the main and leading purpose for which they were framed, namely, to give the mariner a fair intimation of the nature of the service in which he was about to engage himself, when he signed the ship's articles.'' </ref> and the regulations to be observed aboard ship and in port, including punishable offenses and punishments.<ref name="Boyd"></ref><ref name="Maclachian"></ref><ref name="Berger"></ref><ref name="State">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Traditionally, each seaman is required to sign the articles, and the articles include for each seaman, his rating, the place and the day of signing on and the place and the date of signing off of the ship.<ref name="Manning"></ref><ref></ref>
==History==
Ships' articles developed as part of the Law Merchant (''[[Lex mercatoria]]''). Early trading vessels were often cooperative efforts where the crew, or some members, contributed to the initial costs of ship, cargo and operations; and payment was in shares at the end of the voyage. Thus all members of a crew were considered participants in the enterprise, even if they only contributed labour.<ref name="Hayes"></ref> This became widely recognized under the legal concept of a "community of joint hands" (''Gesamthand'' in [[German language|Germa]], ''comunidad in mano'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]).
Early ship's articles were not written, as few were literate.<ref name="Maclachian" /> But by the eighteenth century most sailors expected the articles to be written, even if they themselves could not read. Finally in the 1800s legislation in many countries required that ships' articles be written down, and freely available to any ensigned sailor.<ref name="Maclachian" /><ref></ref>
===Privateers and pirates===
In the 17th and eighteenth centuries, the ship's articles of privateers and pirates evolved into an authority independent of the laws of any nation. Although there was no uniformity among such articles, there were common themes that came to be known as "the pirates' code" or "Jamaica discipline".<ref></ref>
==Compensation==
In addition to monetary payments, seamen on ships traditionally received housing (berth), board (food and provisions), medical care (ship's doctor),<ref>''Further, the issue of failure to treat is one peculiar to the crew members, bound by ship's articles and their dangerous work at sea to seek from their superiors prompt relief from duty and proper medical attention, hospitalization and nursing care.'' </ref> and sometimes things like laundry services or an alcohol allowance. This as often expressed in the ship's articles as so much "a month and found".<ref>'' A sailor comes aft to take mate's place, cabin-boy goes for'ard to take sailor's place, and you take the cabin-boy's place, sign the articles for the cruise, twenty dollars per month and found.'' available at [https://ift.tt/2Cjg6RL The Sea Wolf, Chapter 3]</ref><ref> </ref>
==Usage==
Ship's articles are considered part of a "ship's papers", which constitute the legal environment aboard ship.<ref name="State" /> They are required in resolving disputes between seamen and their captains, as well as between seamen and the ship's and cargo's owners.<ref name="Berger" /><ref name="State" /> They are presented to port authorities and foreign consular officials to establish the ''[[bona fides]]'' of a ship.<ref name="State" />
==Notes and references==
[[Category:Industrial agreements]]
[[Category:Labour relations]]
[[Category:Law of the sea]]
[[Category:Merchant navy]]
[[Category:Maritime books]]
[[Category:Ship management]]
[[de:Musterrolle]]
[[it:Ruolo di equipaggio]]
September 05, 2018 at 01:42AM
