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Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla
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Sheikh '''Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla''' was the Ruler of [[Umm Al Quwain|Umm Al Qawain]] from 1873-1904.<ref name=":0"></ref> He led Umm Al Qawain through a turbulent period in the [[Trucial States|Trucial Coast]]'s history, with conflicts against neighbouring emirates and almost constantly shifting alliances. On two occasions these conflicts led to him being found to breach the terms of the 1853 Perpetual Maritime Truce with the [[British Empire|British]]. This notwithstanding, he was a signatory to the 1892 Exclusive Agreement, which bound the Trucial Sheikhs and the British together in a protectorate.
== Accession ==
Ahmad bin Abdullah succeeded his elder brother, Ali. Ruling at a time when the coastal communities of the Gulf were almost constantly in conflict, he was immediately involved in a fight with [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] over the island of [[Abu Musa]]. A force from Umm Al Qawain attempted to raid the island and remove the Ruler of Sharjah's horses from there, but was met by boats from Sharjah which had arrived first.<ref></ref> The conflict eventually drew in Umm Al Qawain's neighbours, [[Ajman]] weighing in on Sharjah's side and [[Al Hamriyah|Hamriyah]] on Umm Al Qawain's. The following year, [[Abu Dhabi]] joined the fray in opposition to Sharjah and inflicted a sharp defeat on Sharjah's forces under [[Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi|Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi]], killing 50 men. [[Ras Al Khaimah]] now joined Sharjah and [[Dubai]] joined Umm Al Qawain and a general state of war engulfed the coast, despite attempts by the British [[Persian Gulf Residency|Residency Agent]] to broker a peace.
The conflict came to a head in 1875, with a force from Dubai attacking Ras Al Khaimah and killing seven men. The headman of Hamriyah brokered a truce between Ahmad bin Abdullah of Umm Al Qawain and Salim bin Sultan of Sharjah in February 1875, but Dubai and Sharjah remained at war until September of that year.<ref></ref>
== Breach of Maritime Truce ==
Ahmad bin Abdullah conducted two dynastic marriages, the first to the daughter of the Ruler of Ajman, Sheikh Abdulaziz (to whom was born a son in 1876) and the second to the sister of the Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, [[Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi|Sheikh Humaid bin Abdulla Al Qasimi]]. However, they divorced in 1882.<ref name=":0" /> In 1879, Ahmad bin Abdullah allied himself to Ajman and Ras Al Khaimah against Abu Dhabi and Sharjah, but open conflict was avoided but his divorce from the sister of Humaid bin Abdullah was acrimonious and resulted in disputes over property which led Ahmad bin Abdullah to send seven boats to attack the Ras Al Khaimah depedency of Rams, which they did. This action constituted a breach of the 1853 Maritime treaty and Amhad was consequently reprimanded by the British Resident Agent and compelled to pay a fine. However, the conflict continued to rage on land with Umm Al Qawain and Ajman pitted against Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. In January 1883 a peace was brokered by Abu Dhabi.<ref></ref>
In May 1885, Ahmad bin Abdullah had a disagreement with his son, leading to the young man taking refuge in Ajman. When the Ruler of Ajman, Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, refused to give the boy up, Ahmad bin Abdullah, supported by Sharjah, sent a force against Ajman, which landed at [[Al Heera]]. Once again found to be in breach of the 1853 Treaty, Ahmad bin Abdullah was visited by a representative of the Resident Agent aboard [[HMS Reindeer (1883)|HMS Reindeer]].<ref></ref>
Raiding continued between the towns of the coast, however and Hamriyah attacked Umm Al Qawain, only to have Ahmad bin Abdulla retaliate and sack Hamriyah, whose headman was only spared after he barricaded himself in his fort. In the following conflicts, a northern alliance was founded, with Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Qawain and Ras Al Khaimah generally pitted against their southern neighbours, Dubai and Abu Dhabi.<ref></ref>
In 1879, Ahmad bin Abdulla signed the 'Mutual Agreement on Absconding Debtors' with the British, which aimed to curb the problem of debtors fleeing from one emirate to another and thereby evading their obligations.<ref>Mutual Agreement Entered Into By the Trucial Coast Rulers About Absconding Debtors Dated June 24 1879.</ref>
== 1892 Exclusive Agreement ==
Although both German and Turkish interests had attempted to maintain links to the Trucial Coast, it was the intrigues of two [[France|French]] figures (named Tramier and Chapay) who appear to have provoked the need for the British to embark on having the Trucial Sheikhs sign up to the 1892 'Exclusive Agreement'. The two Frenchmen had found a receptive audience in Ahmad bin Abdullah, having supplied him with French flags for Umm Al Qawain's ships to fly, allowing them to act independently of British interests and rulings.<ref></ref> When reports reached the British Political Resident that the French had been granted a site at Umm Al Qawain, the British government in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] approved the signing of an 'Exclusive agreement' which bound the Trucial Sheikhs not to enter into 'any agreement or correspondence with any Power other than the British Government' and that without British assent, they would not 'consent to the residence within my territory of the agent of any other government' and that they would not 'cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation any part of my territory, save to the British Government.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (2 for 1)</ref><ref>Exclusive Agreement, signed between March 5 and March 8, 1892</ref>
== Death ==
Sheikh Ahmad bin Abdulla suffered from paralysis and was too infirm to travel to Sharjah for Curzon's Viceregal Durbar, held off Sharjah in November 1903. He died in June 1904 and was succeeded by his son, Rashid.
== References ==
[[Category:History of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs]]
__FORCETOC__
== Accession ==
Ahmad bin Abdullah succeeded his elder brother, Ali. Ruling at a time when the coastal communities of the Gulf were almost constantly in conflict, he was immediately involved in a fight with [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] over the island of [[Abu Musa]]. A force from Umm Al Qawain attempted to raid the island and remove the Ruler of Sharjah's horses from there, but was met by boats from Sharjah which had arrived first.<ref></ref> The conflict eventually drew in Umm Al Qawain's neighbours, [[Ajman]] weighing in on Sharjah's side and [[Al Hamriyah|Hamriyah]] on Umm Al Qawain's. The following year, [[Abu Dhabi]] joined the fray in opposition to Sharjah and inflicted a sharp defeat on Sharjah's forces under [[Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi|Sheikh Salim bin Sultan Al Qasimi]], killing 50 men. [[Ras Al Khaimah]] now joined Sharjah and [[Dubai]] joined Umm Al Qawain and a general state of war engulfed the coast, despite attempts by the British [[Persian Gulf Residency|Residency Agent]] to broker a peace.
The conflict came to a head in 1875, with a force from Dubai attacking Ras Al Khaimah and killing seven men. The headman of Hamriyah brokered a truce between Ahmad bin Abdullah of Umm Al Qawain and Salim bin Sultan of Sharjah in February 1875, but Dubai and Sharjah remained at war until September of that year.<ref></ref>
== Breach of Maritime Truce ==
Ahmad bin Abdullah conducted two dynastic marriages, the first to the daughter of the Ruler of Ajman, Sheikh Abdulaziz (to whom was born a son in 1876) and the second to the sister of the Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, [[Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi|Sheikh Humaid bin Abdulla Al Qasimi]]. However, they divorced in 1882.<ref name=":0" /> In 1879, Ahmad bin Abdullah allied himself to Ajman and Ras Al Khaimah against Abu Dhabi and Sharjah, but open conflict was avoided but his divorce from the sister of Humaid bin Abdullah was acrimonious and resulted in disputes over property which led Ahmad bin Abdullah to send seven boats to attack the Ras Al Khaimah depedency of Rams, which they did. This action constituted a breach of the 1853 Maritime treaty and Amhad was consequently reprimanded by the British Resident Agent and compelled to pay a fine. However, the conflict continued to rage on land with Umm Al Qawain and Ajman pitted against Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. In January 1883 a peace was brokered by Abu Dhabi.<ref></ref>
In May 1885, Ahmad bin Abdullah had a disagreement with his son, leading to the young man taking refuge in Ajman. When the Ruler of Ajman, Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, refused to give the boy up, Ahmad bin Abdullah, supported by Sharjah, sent a force against Ajman, which landed at [[Al Heera]]. Once again found to be in breach of the 1853 Treaty, Ahmad bin Abdullah was visited by a representative of the Resident Agent aboard [[HMS Reindeer (1883)|HMS Reindeer]].<ref></ref>
Raiding continued between the towns of the coast, however and Hamriyah attacked Umm Al Qawain, only to have Ahmad bin Abdulla retaliate and sack Hamriyah, whose headman was only spared after he barricaded himself in his fort. In the following conflicts, a northern alliance was founded, with Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Qawain and Ras Al Khaimah generally pitted against their southern neighbours, Dubai and Abu Dhabi.<ref></ref>
In 1879, Ahmad bin Abdulla signed the 'Mutual Agreement on Absconding Debtors' with the British, which aimed to curb the problem of debtors fleeing from one emirate to another and thereby evading their obligations.<ref>Mutual Agreement Entered Into By the Trucial Coast Rulers About Absconding Debtors Dated June 24 1879.</ref>
== 1892 Exclusive Agreement ==
Although both German and Turkish interests had attempted to maintain links to the Trucial Coast, it was the intrigues of two [[France|French]] figures (named Tramier and Chapay) who appear to have provoked the need for the British to embark on having the Trucial Sheikhs sign up to the 1892 'Exclusive Agreement'. The two Frenchmen had found a receptive audience in Ahmad bin Abdullah, having supplied him with French flags for Umm Al Qawain's ships to fly, allowing them to act independently of British interests and rulings.<ref></ref> When reports reached the British Political Resident that the French had been granted a site at Umm Al Qawain, the British government in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] approved the signing of an 'Exclusive agreement' which bound the Trucial Sheikhs not to enter into 'any agreement or correspondence with any Power other than the British Government' and that without British assent, they would not 'consent to the residence within my territory of the agent of any other government' and that they would not 'cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation any part of my territory, save to the British Government.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (2 for 1)</ref><ref>Exclusive Agreement, signed between March 5 and March 8, 1892</ref>
== Death ==
Sheikh Ahmad bin Abdulla suffered from paralysis and was too infirm to travel to Sharjah for Curzon's Viceregal Durbar, held off Sharjah in November 1903. He died in June 1904 and was succeeded by his son, Rashid.
== References ==
[[Category:History of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs]]
__FORCETOC__
October 14, 2018 at 03:29PM
