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Africa-United States relations
Rjensen: /* Pre-1940 */ Booker T. Washington
'''Africa-United States relations''' covers the diplomatic relationships between the United States and the independent African countries, with some information on political, economic and cultural ties.
== Pre-1940==
Before [[World War II]], the United States dealt directly only with the former American colony of Liberia, the independent nation of [[Ethiopia]], and the semi-independent nation of [[Egypt]].
===Liberia===
U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819, when the US [[United States Congress|Congress]] appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.<ref name="statedeptprofile">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> The United States officially recognized Liberia in 1862, 15 years after its establishment as a sovereign nation, and the two nations shared very close diplomatic, economic, and military ties until the 1990s.
The United States had a long history of intervening in Liberia's internal affairs, occasionally sending naval vessels to help the Americo-Liberians, who comprised the ruling minority, put down insurrections by indigenous tribes (in 1821, 1843, 1876, 1910, and 1915). By 1909, Liberia faced serious external threats to its sovereignty from the European colonial powers over unpaid foreign loans and annexation of its borderlands.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
President [[William Howard Taft]] devoted a portion of his First Annual Message to Congress (December 7, 1909) to the Liberian question, noting the close historical ties between the two countries that gave an opening for a wider intervention:
:"It will be remembered that the interest of the United States in the Republic of Liberia springs from the historical fact of the foundation of the Republic by the colonization of American citizens of the African race. In an early treaty with Liberia there is a provision under which the United States may be called upon for advice or assistance. Pursuant to this provision and in the spirit of the moral relationship of the United States to Liberia, that Republic last year asked this Government to lend assistance in the solution of certain of their national problems, and hence the Commission was sent across the ocean on two cruisers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In 1912 the U.S. arranged a 40-year international loan of $ 1.7 million, against which Liberia had to agree to four Western powers (America, Britain, France and Germany) controlling Liberian Government revenues for the next 14 years, until 1926. American administration of the border police also stabilized the frontier with Sierra Leone and checked French ambitions to annex more Liberian territory. The American navy also established a coaling station in Liberia, cementing its presence. When World War I started, Liberia declared war on Germany and expelled its resident German merchants, who constituted the country's largest investors and trading partners – Liberia suffered economically as a result.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In 1926, the Liberian government gave a concession to the American rubber company [[Firestone Natural Rubber Company|Firestone]] to start the world's largest rubber plantation at [[Harbel]], Liberia. At the same time, Firestone arranged a $5 million private loan to Liberia. In the 1930s Liberia was again virtually bankrupt, and, after some American pressure, agreed to an assistance plan from the [[League of Nations]]. As part of this plan, two key officials of the League were placed in positions to ´advise´ the Liberian government.
===Others===
In 1901, the [[Tuskegee Institute]], a state college in Alabama directed by the national Black leader [[Booker T. Washington]], sent experts to the German colony of Togo in West Africa. the goal was to introduce modern agricultural technology in order to modernize the colony, basing its economy on cotton exports. <ref> Andrew Zimmerman, 'Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German empire, and the globalization of the New South'' (Princeton UP, 2010).</ref>
==See also==
== Notes==
< References/>
== Further reading==
* Butler, L. J. "Britain, the United States, and the demise of the Central African Federation, 1959–63." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 28.3 (2000): 131-151.
* Duignan, P., and L. H. Gann. ''The United States and Africa: A History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1984)
* Rosenberg, Emily S. "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–40." Diplomatic History (1985) 9#3 pp 191-214.
* Schraeder, Peter J. ''United States foreign policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, crisis and change'' (Cambridge UP, 1994).
* Zimmerman, Andrew. ''Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German empire, and the globalization of the New South'' (Princeton UP, 2010).
==External links==
== Pre-1940==
Before [[World War II]], the United States dealt directly only with the former American colony of Liberia, the independent nation of [[Ethiopia]], and the semi-independent nation of [[Egypt]].
===Liberia===
U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819, when the US [[United States Congress|Congress]] appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.<ref name="statedeptprofile">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> The United States officially recognized Liberia in 1862, 15 years after its establishment as a sovereign nation, and the two nations shared very close diplomatic, economic, and military ties until the 1990s.
The United States had a long history of intervening in Liberia's internal affairs, occasionally sending naval vessels to help the Americo-Liberians, who comprised the ruling minority, put down insurrections by indigenous tribes (in 1821, 1843, 1876, 1910, and 1915). By 1909, Liberia faced serious external threats to its sovereignty from the European colonial powers over unpaid foreign loans and annexation of its borderlands.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
President [[William Howard Taft]] devoted a portion of his First Annual Message to Congress (December 7, 1909) to the Liberian question, noting the close historical ties between the two countries that gave an opening for a wider intervention:
:"It will be remembered that the interest of the United States in the Republic of Liberia springs from the historical fact of the foundation of the Republic by the colonization of American citizens of the African race. In an early treaty with Liberia there is a provision under which the United States may be called upon for advice or assistance. Pursuant to this provision and in the spirit of the moral relationship of the United States to Liberia, that Republic last year asked this Government to lend assistance in the solution of certain of their national problems, and hence the Commission was sent across the ocean on two cruisers.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In 1912 the U.S. arranged a 40-year international loan of $ 1.7 million, against which Liberia had to agree to four Western powers (America, Britain, France and Germany) controlling Liberian Government revenues for the next 14 years, until 1926. American administration of the border police also stabilized the frontier with Sierra Leone and checked French ambitions to annex more Liberian territory. The American navy also established a coaling station in Liberia, cementing its presence. When World War I started, Liberia declared war on Germany and expelled its resident German merchants, who constituted the country's largest investors and trading partners – Liberia suffered economically as a result.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
In 1926, the Liberian government gave a concession to the American rubber company [[Firestone Natural Rubber Company|Firestone]] to start the world's largest rubber plantation at [[Harbel]], Liberia. At the same time, Firestone arranged a $5 million private loan to Liberia. In the 1930s Liberia was again virtually bankrupt, and, after some American pressure, agreed to an assistance plan from the [[League of Nations]]. As part of this plan, two key officials of the League were placed in positions to ´advise´ the Liberian government.
===Others===
In 1901, the [[Tuskegee Institute]], a state college in Alabama directed by the national Black leader [[Booker T. Washington]], sent experts to the German colony of Togo in West Africa. the goal was to introduce modern agricultural technology in order to modernize the colony, basing its economy on cotton exports. <ref> Andrew Zimmerman, 'Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German empire, and the globalization of the New South'' (Princeton UP, 2010).</ref>
==See also==
== Notes==
< References/>
== Further reading==
* Butler, L. J. "Britain, the United States, and the demise of the Central African Federation, 1959–63." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 28.3 (2000): 131-151.
* Duignan, P., and L. H. Gann. ''The United States and Africa: A History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1984)
* Rosenberg, Emily S. "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–40." Diplomatic History (1985) 9#3 pp 191-214.
* Schraeder, Peter J. ''United States foreign policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, crisis and change'' (Cambridge UP, 1994).
* Zimmerman, Andrew. ''Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the German empire, and the globalization of the New South'' (Princeton UP, 2010).
==External links==
March 14, 2019 at 08:45PM
