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Bérard-Jordana Agreement
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The '''Bérard-Jordana Agreement''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Accords Bérard-Jordana'', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Acuerdo Bérard-Jordana'') was a political treaty signed by [[French Third Republic|France]] and [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] in [[Burgos]] on 25 February 1939. Its name is based on the two principal signatories, [[Léon Bérard]] for France and [[Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa|General Jordana]] for Spain.
== Background ==
The [[Spanish Civil War]] that had begun between the left-leaning [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] and the right-leaning [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]] on 17 July 1936 had by January 1939 decisively turned in favor of the Nationalist side, with major Republican defeats at the [[Battle of the Ebro]] in November 1938 and the [[Catalonia Offensive]] of 1938–1939 and the fall of [[Barcelona]].<ref></ref>
The left-leaning French government of [[Léon Blum]], which had tentatively supported the Republicans, was now faced with more than 400,000 refugees that attempted to escape the Nationalist advance and crossed the border into France, as well as with the diplomatic prospect of Spain being ruled by [[Francisco Franco]], who was diplomatically aligned with France's rivals, [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]]. As a result, the French government was forced to clarify its relationship with Francoist Spain to both deal with the refugee crisis and to prevent a Spanish military alliance with Germany and Italy which might be aimed against France. The new Francoist government in Spain on the other hand desired to maximize its own political and diplomatic legitimacy by normalizing the relations with France and the [[United Kingdom]] as soon as possible. The Spanish leadership was willing to grant France's request to prevent permanent German and Italian troop presence in Spain, which the Francoists had not intended to allow anyway, but in return demanded that France deliver all goods of the Spanish Republic currently in France, including art collections, financial assets and military equipment. Meetings took place between the French senator [[Léon Bérard]] and [[Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa|General Jordana]], Franco's leading advisor on foreign policy and later foreign minister, in February 1939 (on the 5th, the 18th and the 23rd). France accepted almost all of Spain's demands for the diplomatic relationship and was unable to secure any major concessions from the Spanish in return. The agreement was signed on 25 February 1939. It remained secret until two days later, when the French government publicized it on 27 February.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
== Content ==
The agreement contained a political declaration, a declaration of good neighborly relations, and a declaration on the Spanish assets in France. Furthermore, Jordana gave verbal assurances on the refugee situation in France.<ref></ref>
=== Political Declaration ===
The French government recognized the Franco government as the legitimate government of Spain. Spain and France affirmed that they would practice cooperation in Morocco.
=== Declaration of good neighborly relations ===
The two governments agreed to undertake every necessary measure to closely supervise any activity directed against the tranquility and security of the other party. The French government promised to take specific measurements to prevents subversive activities of Spanish nationals in France direct against Spain.
=== Verbal assurances by General Jordana regarding the refugee question ===
The Spanish government declared its willingness to receive all refugees, without distinction between men, women and children, that had gone to France. However, the Spanish government reserved itself the right to prosecute in Spanish courts any of the refugees for any crimes they might have committed.
=== Declaration on the Spanish assets in France ===
The French government promised to return to Spain Spanish property of the following types:
* Gold deposited as a pledge of a loan to the ''[[Banque de France]]'' at [[Mont-de-Marsan]].
* Weapons and war material of all kinds belonging to or intended for the Republicans.
* Livestock of all kinds entered from Spain into France against the will of the legitimate proprietors.
* All the merchant or fishing fleet registered in Spain.
* All Spanish artistic heritage exported since 18 July 1936, against the will of the legitimate owners or possessors.
* The deposits of gold, jewels, and precious stones, currency, banknotes, currency, securities, securities, stocks, bonds, etc., belonging to the Spanish State and exported since July 18th, 1936, against the will of their legitimate owners or owners.
* All vehicles without distinction of nature or owner, registered in Spain and diverted by export in France to the detriment of their legitimate owners.
== Aftermath ==
The French and British governments recognized Franco's leadership of Spain on 27 February 1939. [[Philippe Pétain]], who later became the leader of the collaborationist [[Vichy regime]] in France, became French ambassador in Burgos on 2 March. He would oversee the repatriation of the Republican gold reserves and the paintings of the [[Museo del Prado]] from France to Spain.<ref name=":0" />
The Spanish Civil War ended on 1 April 1939 in Nationalist victory. Franco, who abstained from intervention in [[World War II]], would remain Spain's ''caudillo'' until his death in 1975.<ref></ref>
== References ==
<references />
== External Links ==
* [https://ift.tt/2MXKy5S French text of the agreement, via Wikisource].
== Background ==
The [[Spanish Civil War]] that had begun between the left-leaning [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] and the right-leaning [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalists]] on 17 July 1936 had by January 1939 decisively turned in favor of the Nationalist side, with major Republican defeats at the [[Battle of the Ebro]] in November 1938 and the [[Catalonia Offensive]] of 1938–1939 and the fall of [[Barcelona]].<ref></ref>
The left-leaning French government of [[Léon Blum]], which had tentatively supported the Republicans, was now faced with more than 400,000 refugees that attempted to escape the Nationalist advance and crossed the border into France, as well as with the diplomatic prospect of Spain being ruled by [[Francisco Franco]], who was diplomatically aligned with France's rivals, [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]]. As a result, the French government was forced to clarify its relationship with Francoist Spain to both deal with the refugee crisis and to prevent a Spanish military alliance with Germany and Italy which might be aimed against France. The new Francoist government in Spain on the other hand desired to maximize its own political and diplomatic legitimacy by normalizing the relations with France and the [[United Kingdom]] as soon as possible. The Spanish leadership was willing to grant France's request to prevent permanent German and Italian troop presence in Spain, which the Francoists had not intended to allow anyway, but in return demanded that France deliver all goods of the Spanish Republic currently in France, including art collections, financial assets and military equipment. Meetings took place between the French senator [[Léon Bérard]] and [[Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa|General Jordana]], Franco's leading advisor on foreign policy and later foreign minister, in February 1939 (on the 5th, the 18th and the 23rd). France accepted almost all of Spain's demands for the diplomatic relationship and was unable to secure any major concessions from the Spanish in return. The agreement was signed on 25 February 1939. It remained secret until two days later, when the French government publicized it on 27 February.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
== Content ==
The agreement contained a political declaration, a declaration of good neighborly relations, and a declaration on the Spanish assets in France. Furthermore, Jordana gave verbal assurances on the refugee situation in France.<ref></ref>
=== Political Declaration ===
The French government recognized the Franco government as the legitimate government of Spain. Spain and France affirmed that they would practice cooperation in Morocco.
=== Declaration of good neighborly relations ===
The two governments agreed to undertake every necessary measure to closely supervise any activity directed against the tranquility and security of the other party. The French government promised to take specific measurements to prevents subversive activities of Spanish nationals in France direct against Spain.
=== Verbal assurances by General Jordana regarding the refugee question ===
The Spanish government declared its willingness to receive all refugees, without distinction between men, women and children, that had gone to France. However, the Spanish government reserved itself the right to prosecute in Spanish courts any of the refugees for any crimes they might have committed.
=== Declaration on the Spanish assets in France ===
The French government promised to return to Spain Spanish property of the following types:
* Gold deposited as a pledge of a loan to the ''[[Banque de France]]'' at [[Mont-de-Marsan]].
* Weapons and war material of all kinds belonging to or intended for the Republicans.
* Livestock of all kinds entered from Spain into France against the will of the legitimate proprietors.
* All the merchant or fishing fleet registered in Spain.
* All Spanish artistic heritage exported since 18 July 1936, against the will of the legitimate owners or possessors.
* The deposits of gold, jewels, and precious stones, currency, banknotes, currency, securities, securities, stocks, bonds, etc., belonging to the Spanish State and exported since July 18th, 1936, against the will of their legitimate owners or owners.
* All vehicles without distinction of nature or owner, registered in Spain and diverted by export in France to the detriment of their legitimate owners.
== Aftermath ==
The French and British governments recognized Franco's leadership of Spain on 27 February 1939. [[Philippe Pétain]], who later became the leader of the collaborationist [[Vichy regime]] in France, became French ambassador in Burgos on 2 March. He would oversee the repatriation of the Republican gold reserves and the paintings of the [[Museo del Prado]] from France to Spain.<ref name=":0" />
The Spanish Civil War ended on 1 April 1939 in Nationalist victory. Franco, who abstained from intervention in [[World War II]], would remain Spain's ''caudillo'' until his death in 1975.<ref></ref>
== References ==
<references />
== External Links ==
* [https://ift.tt/2MXKy5S French text of the agreement, via Wikisource].
October 23, 2019 at 09:19AM
