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Timothy of Constantinople
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[[File:Timothy of Constantinople.png|thumb|Last page of Timothy's heresiography, from [[Bodleian]] MS Barocci 173, from an 11th-century [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] legal miscellany]]
'''Timothy of Constantinople''' (fl. c. 600/700) was a [[Chalcedonian Christian]] [[Heresiology|heresiologist]] and [[presbyter]] of the church of [[Constantinople]]. He wrote a treatise in [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] on [[Heresy in Christianity|Christian heresies]] from a Chalcedonian perspective, ''On Those Who Enter the Church, or On the Reception of Heretics''. This pastoral work is best described as "a handbook on the procedure for admitting heretics to the church".<ref name=FRT>Frank R. Trombley, [https://ift.tt/2WcvEzd "The Council in Trullo (691–692): A Study of the Canons Relating to Paganism, Heresy, and the Invasions"], ''Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies'', 9.1 (1978), pp. 1–18.</ref>
Timothy classifies heresies based on the requirements for admission into the orthodox church placed on their members. In his first category were those heretics who would need to be baptised before they could be accepted into the church; in the second, those who needed to be anointed but not baptised; and in the third, those who only needed to abjure all heresy (including their own former beliefs) by pronouncing an [[anathema]]. The same three categories were used by [[Theodore the Studite]] writing one or two centuries later.<ref name=SNCL/>
In the first class, Timothy lists [[Manichaeans]], [[Tascodrugites]], [[Ebionites]], [[Valentinians]], [[Basilideans]], [[Montanists]], [[Eunomians]], [[Paulianists]], [[Photinians]], [[Marcellus of Ancyra|Marcellians]], [[Sabellians]], [[Simonians]], [[Menander (gnostic)|Menandrians]], [[Cerinthians]], [[Saturninus of Antioch|Saturninians]], [[Carpocratians]], [[Marcosians]], [[Apelles|Apelleasts]], [[Theodotians]], [[Elcesaites]], [[Nepotians]], [[Pelagians]] and [[Caelestius|Caelestians]]. These are mostly early heresies, many of them [[Gnostic]] sects. They represent theoretical problems more than actual ones, since few of them would have been active in Timothy's time. For this reason, Timothy does not distinguish between "elect" and "hearers" among the Manichaeans. He is interested in Manichaeism as a set of beliefs and not a practising sect. He does provide a valuable list of [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]]'s works.<ref>Lieu (1999), p. 230.</ref> Theodore the Studite, taking a more practical stance, lists only the Manichaeans, Tascodrugites and [[Marcionites]] in his first class.<ref name=SNCL/>
Timothy gives two slightly different lists of the [[miaphysite]] [[Non-Chalcedonianism|anti-Chalcedonian sects]]. The first is a list of sixteen groups Timothy labels [[theopaschite]] and the second is a list of "the schismatics called ''diacrinomenoi''", which contains twelve groups. Together the two lists name the [[Eutychians]] (including the Dioscorians and Petrites), [[Acephali]] (who are subdivided into three sects), [[Julianists]] (including the three sects of [[Gaianites]]) and Severans or Theodosians, who are subdivided into eight factions ([[Agnoetae]], Condobaudites, Niobites, two groups of [[Tritheists]] and the factions adhering to the patriarchs [[Pope Damian of Alexandria|Damian]], [[Peter III of Callinicum|Peter]] and [[Paul the Black|Paul]]).<ref name=TH>Theresia Hainthaler, "A Christological Controversy among the Severans at the End of the Sixth Century—The Conversion of Probus and John Barbur to Chalcedonism", in ''Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2: From the Council of Chalcedona (451) to Gregory the Great (590–604), Part 4: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600'' (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 387–388.</ref> He recognized [[Jacob of Serugh]] as orthodox.<ref name=PMF>Philip Michael Forness, ''Preaching Christology in the Roman Near East: A Study of Jacob of Serugh'' (Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 10.</ref>
Several sects mentioned by Timothy, such as the Melchesidechetae, had Jewish practices, including [[sabbatarianism]], celebration of [[new moon]]s and delaying baptism.<ref name=FRT/>
Some passages of Timothy are preserved only by quotation in the ''Pandects'' of the 11th-century monk [[Nikon of the Black Mountain]].<ref>Gustave Bardy, [https://ift.tt/39QCD4K ''Paul de Samosate: étude historique''] (Louvain and Paris: 1923), p. 421.</ref>
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==Editions==
*[[Jean-Baptiste Cotelier]] (ed.), ''Ecclesiæ græcæ monumenta'', Vol. 3 (Paris: 1686), pp. [https://ift.tt/2IMraHq 377]–420 (''De receptione haereticorum'') and [https://ift.tt/2QdnEtW 420]–424 (''Ex Niconis pandecte'').
*[[Jacques Paul Migne]] (ed.), ''[[Patrologia Graeca]]'', Vol. 86 (Paris: 1865), I, cols. [https://ift.tt/2INiWyI 12]–69 (''De iis qui ad ecclesiam accedunt sive de receptione haereticorum'') and [https://ift.tt/2INiP6g 70]–74 (''Ex Niconis pandecte'').
==Notes==
==References==
==Further reading==
*C. Schmidt, "Timothy of Constantinople", in Siegmar Döpp (ed.), ''Dictionary of Early Christian Literature'' (Herder & Herder, 2000), p. 589.
*F. Carcione, "Il ''De iis qui ad ecclesiam accedunt'' del presbitero constantinopolitano Timoteo. Una nuova proposta di datazione". ''Studi e richerche dell'Oriente cristiano'' 14 (1991), pp. 309–320.
[[Category:7th-century Christian theologians]]
[[Category:7th-century Byzantine people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
March 14, 2020 at 11:00AM
