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'''Violence against women in India''' refers to violent or abusive actions committed against Indian women, and can manifest itself in many ways such as Murder, [[Sexual assault]], [[Domestic violence]], and many more. These acts are committed solely based off of the victim's gender due to long-standing systems of oppression. Due to many Indian cultural values and beliefs, many cases of violence against women go unrecorded and undocumented, leading to perpetuation of the issue.
== Extent ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
!Year
!Reported violence<ref name="bureau">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
|-
|2008
|195,856
|-
|2009
|203,804
|-
|2010
|213,585
|-
|2011
|213,585
|-
|2012
|244,270
|}
According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] of India, reported incidents of crime against women increased 6.4% during 2012, and a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes.<ref name="bureau" /><ref name="BBC">"India tackles domestic violence". BBC News. 2006-10-27. Retrieved 3 March 2014.</ref> In 2011, there were greater than 228,650 reported incidents of crime against women, while in 2015, there were over 300,000 reported incidents, a 44% increase.<ref name="bureau" /> <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Of the women living in India, 7.5% live in [[West Bengal]] where 12.7% of the total reported crime against women occurs.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Andhra Pradesh]] is home to 7.3% of India's female population and accounts for 11.5% of the total reported crimes against women.<ref name="bureau" />
65% of Indian men believe women should tolerate violence in order to keep the family together, and women sometimes deserve to be beaten.<ref name="Survey">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In January 2011, the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) Questionnaire reported that 24% of Indian men had committed sexual violence at some point during their lives.<ref name="Survey" />
It is important to note that exact statistics on case occurrences are very difficult to obtain, as a large number of cases go unreported. This is due in large part to the threat of ridicule or shame on the part of the potential reporter. For similar reasons, law enforcement officers are more motivated to accept offers of [[bribery]] from the family of the accused.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Murders ==
=== Dowry deaths ===
[[File:2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg|thumb|496x496px|A map of the reported dowry deaths in India, per 100,000 people (2012)]]
A [[Dowry death|dowry deaths]] is a murder or suicide of a married woman caused by a dispute over her [[dowry]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In some cases, husbands and in-laws will attempt to extort a greater [[dowry]] through continuous harassment and torture which sometimes results in the wife committing suicide.<ref>Oldenburg, V. T. (2002). Dowry murder: The imperial origins of a cultural crime. Oxford University Press.</ref>
The majority of these suicides are done through hanging, poisoning or [[self-immolation]]. When a dowry death is done by setting the woman on fire, it is called [[bride burning]]. Bride burning murder is often set up to appear to be a suicide or accident, typically by making it appear as though the women caught fire while cooking on a kerosene stove.<ref name=":0" /> Dowry is illegal in India, but it is still common practice to give expensive gifts to the groom and his relatives at weddings which are hosted by the family of the bride.<ref name="Harmeet">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Women are not always the only primary victims of dowry deaths. In some cases children are also killed alongside their mothers. In eastern India, on January 30, 2014, for example, a women and her one-year-old child were burned alive for dowry.<ref name="Harmeet" /> 77 minutes.<ref name="BBC" /> Incidents of dowry deaths have decreased 4.5% from 2011 to 2012.<ref name="bureau" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Reported dowry deaths<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|8,172
|-
|2009
|8,383
|-
|2010
|8,391
|-
|2011
|8,618
|-
|2012
|8,233
|}
In [[Uttar Pradesh]], 2,244 cases were reported, accounting for 27.3% of the dowry deaths nationwide.<ref name="bureau" /> In, [[Bihar]], 1,275 cases were reported, accounting for 15.5% of cases nationwide.<ref name="bureau" />
=== Honour killings ===
An [[honour killing]] is a murder of a family member who has been considered to have brought dishonour and shame upon the family<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Examples of reasons for honour killings include the refusal to enter an arranged marriage, committing adultery, choosing a partner that the family disapproves of, and becoming a victim of rape.<ref name="ethics">"Ethics: Honour Crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref>
The most prominent areas where honour killings occur in India are northern regions. Honour killings are especially seen in [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Honour killings have notably increased in some Indian states which has led to the [[Supreme Court of India]], in June 2010, issuing notices to both the Indian central government and six states to take preventative measures against honour killings.<ref>"Honour killing: SC notice to Centre, Haryana and 6 other states". Times of India.</ref>
Honour killings can be very violent. For example, in June 2012, a father chopped off his 20-year-old daughter's head with a sword in pure rage upon hearing that she was dating a man who he did not approve of.<ref>"Indian Man Beheads Daughter in Rage Over Lifestyle". ABC. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.</ref><ref>Ogad Singh, India Man, Reportedly Beheads Daughter in Rage Over Lifestyle". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref><ref>"Man beheads daughter in gory Rajasthan". Zeenews.india.com. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref> Honour killings can also be openly supported by both local villagers and neighboring villagers. This was the case in September 2013, when a young couple who married after having a love affair were brutally murdered.<ref>"India 'honour killings': Paying the price for falling in love". bbc.co.uk. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref>
=== Witchcraft-related murders ===
Murders of women accused of [[witchcraft]] still occur in India.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Poor women, widows, and women from lower castes are most at risk of such killings.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== Female foeticide ====
[[Female foeticide]] is the elected abortion of a fetus, because it is female. Female foeticide occurs when a family has a strong preference for sons over daughters, which is a common cultural theme in India because they offer security to the family in old age and are able to conduct rituals for deceased parents and ancestors.<ref name="feticide"></ref> Modern medical technology has allowed for the gender of a child to be determined while the child is still a fetus.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Once these modern prenatal diagnostic techniques determine the gender of the fetus, families then are able to decide if they would like to abort based on gender. If they decide to abort the fetus after discovering it is female, they are committing female foeticide. The fetal sex determination and [[sex-selective abortion]] by medical professionals is now a R.s 1,000 crore (US$244 million) industry.<ref name="unicef.org">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
One study found that of 8,000 abortions, 7,997 of them were aborting a female fetus.<ref name=":0" />
The [[Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act]] of 1994 (PCPNDT Act 1994) was modified in 2003 in order to target medical professionals.<ref name="unicef.org" /> The Act has proven ineffective due to the lack of implementation. Sex-selective abortions have totaled approximately 4.2-12.1 million from 1980-2010.<ref name="Banthia">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> There was a greater increase in the number of sex-selective abortions in the 1990s than the 2000s.<ref name="Banthia" /> Poorer families are responsible for a higher proportion of abortions than wealthier families.<ref name="Aithal">Aithal, U. B. (2012). A statistical analysis of female foeticide with reference to kolhapur district. International Journal of Scientific Research Publications, 2(12), doi: </ref> Significantly more abortions occur in rural areas versus urban areas when the first child is female.<ref name="Aithal" />
== Sexual crimes ==
=== Rape ===
[[File:2001_to_2011_Crime_rates_against_Scheduled_Castes,_Women_and_Overall_in_India_per_100,000_population.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2001_to_2011_Crime_rates_against_Scheduled_Castes,_Women_and_Overall_in_India_per_100,000_population.png|thumb|449x449px|The map shows the comparative rate of violence against women in Indian states and union territories in 2012, based on crimes reported to the police. Crime rate data per 100,000 women in this map is the broadest definition of crime against women under Indian law. It includes rape, sexual assault, insult to modesty, kidnapping, abduction, cruelty by intimate partner or relatives, trafficking, persecution for dowry, dowry deaths, indecency, and all other crimes listed in Indian Penal Code.<ref>[https://ift.tt/PRtgIb Crime in India 2012 Statistics] Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India, Table 5.1, page 385.</ref><ref>[http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipv9310.pdf][[Intimate Partner Violence]]<span>, 1993–2010</span>, Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, table on page 10.</ref>]]
Rape is one of the most common crimes against women in India. [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] defines rape as penile and non-penile penetration in bodily orifices of a woman by a man, without the consent of the woman.<ref name="Zeldin">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In India, a woman is raped every 29 minutes.<ref name="BBC" /> Incidents of reported rape increased 3% from 2011 to 2012, and increased 46.8% from 268 cases in 2011 to 392 cases in 2012.<ref name="bureau" />
{| class="wikitable floatleft"
!Year
!Reported rapes<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|21,467
|-
|2009
|21,397
|-
|2010
|22,172
|-
|2011
|24,206
|-
|2012
|24,923
|}
Victims of rape are increasingly reporting their rapes and confronting the perpetrators. Women are becoming more independent and educated, which is increasing their likelihood to report their rape.<ref name="Tilak">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Although rapes are becoming more frequently reported, many go unreported or have the complaint files withdrawn due to the perception of family honour being compromised.<ref name="Tilak" /> Women frequently do not receive justice for their rapes, because police often do not give a fair hearing, and/or medical evidence is often unrecorded which makes it easy for offenders to get away with their crimes under the current laws.<ref name="Tilak" />
==== Marital rape ====
In India, [[marital rape]] is not a criminal offense.<ref name="Kinnear">Kinnear, Karen L. (2011). Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 26–27. .</ref> 20% of Indian men admit to forcing their wives or partners to have sex.<ref name="Survey" />
Marital rape can be classified into one of three types:<ref name="Pandey">Pandey, Pradeep Kumar, Marital Rape in India - Needs Legal Recognition (July 4, 2013).</ref>
* Battering rape: This includes both physical and sexual violence. The majority of marital rape victims experience battering rape.
* Force-only rape: Husbands use the minimum amount of force necessary to co
* erce his wife.
* Compulsive or obsessive rape: Torture and/or "perverse" sexual acts occur and are often physically violent.
==== Gang rape ====
[[Gang rape]] is defined as the rape of an individual by two or more perpetrators.<ref name="Neumann">Neumann, Stephani. Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities. Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Hickey, Eric W., 397-407</ref> The [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] brought a lot of international attention to the issue of [[gang rape]] in India. On 16 December 2012, in [[Munirka]], New Delhi, a 23-year-old was beaten and gang raped on a private bus. She died 13 days later.<ref name="Mandhana">Mandhana, Nikarika; Trivedi, Anjani (18 December 2012). "Indians Outraged by Account of Gang Rape on a Bus". ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Following the rape, there was widespread national and international coverage of the incident as well as public protests against the [[government of India]] and the [[government of Delhi]].
=== Insult to modesty ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Assaults with intent to outrage modesty
!Insults to the modesty of women<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|40,413
|12,214
|-
|2009
|38,711
|11,009
|-
|2010
|40,613
|9,961
|-
|2011
|42,968
|8,570
|-
|2012
|45,351
|9,173
|}
Modesty-related violence against women includes assaults on women with intent to outrage her modesty and insults to the modesty of women. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.5% increase in reported assaults on women with intent to outrage her modesty.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Madhya Pradesh]] had 6,655 cases, accounting for 14.7% of the national incidents.<ref name="bureau" /> From 2011 to 2012, there was a 7.0% increase in reported insults to the modesty of women.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Andhra Pradesh]] had 3,714 cases, accounting for 40.5% of the national accounts, and [[Maharashtra]] had 3,714 cases, accounting for 14.1% of the national accounts.<ref name="bureau" />
=== Human trafficking and forced prostitution ===
[[File:3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3.2519_Nepalese-mother1.jpg|thumb|This desperate mother traveled from her village in Nepal to Mumbai, India, hoping to find and rescue her teenage daughter who was trafficked into an Indian brothel. "I will stay in Mumbai," said the mother, "Until I find my daughter or die. I am not leaving here without her."]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Imported girls from foreign countries
!Violations of the Immoral Traffic Act<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|67
|2,659
|-
|2009
|48
|2,474
|-
|2010
|36
|2,499
|-
|2011
|80
|2,435
|-
|2012
|59
|2,563
|}
From 2011 to 2012, there was a 26.3% decrease in girls imported to India from another country.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Karnataka]] had 32 cases, and [[West Bengal]] had 12 cases, together accounting for 93.2% of the total cases nationwide.<ref name="bureau" />
From 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.3% increase in violations of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Tamil Nadu]] had 500 incidents, accounting for 19.5% of the total nationwide, and [[Andhra Pradesh]] had 472 incidents, accounting for 18.4% of the total nationwide.<ref name="bureau" />
== Domestic violence ==
[[Domestic violence]] is abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as dating, marriage, cohabitation or a familial relationship. Domestic violence is also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, [[dating abuse]] and [[intimate partner violence]] (IPV). Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, verbal, economic and [[sexual abuse]]. Domestic violence can be subtle, coercive or violent. In India, 70% of women are victims of domestic violence.<ref name="Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Renuka (26 October 2006). "India tackles domestic violence". BBC.</ref>
38% of Indian men admit they have physically abused their partners.<ref name="Survey" /> The Indian government has taken measures to try to reduce domestic violence through legislation such as the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005]].<ref name="Chowdhury" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Reported cruelty by a husband or relative<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|81,344
|-
|2009
|89,546
|-
|2010
|94,041
|-
|2011
|99,135
|-
|2012
|106,527
|}
Every 9 minutes, a case of cruelty is committed by either of husband or a relative of the husband.<ref name="BBC" /> Cruelty by a husband or his relatives is the greatest occurring crime against women. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 7.5% increase in cruelty by husbands and relatives.<ref name="bureau" /> In [[West Bengal]], there were 19,865 cases, accounting for 18.7% of the national total, and in [[Andhra Pradesh]], there were 13,389 cases, accounting for 12.6% of the national total. However the point to be noted here is that the Section 498a, which is called the anty dowry law is the most misused law in India.<code><nowiki>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</nowiki></code>Many of these cases filed against men using 498a are false and no actions are usually taken against women even if they are proven wrong.<code><nowiki>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</nowiki></code>This is one of the major factors for married Men's suicide in India which comes to 1 in every 9 minutes.<ref name="bureau" /><code><nowiki>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</nowiki></code>
== Forced and child marriage ==
Girls are vulnerable to being [[Forced marriage|forced into marriage]] at young ages, suffering from a double vulnerability: both for being a child and for being female. Child brides often do not understand the meaning and responsibilities of marriage. Causes of such marriages include the view that girls are a burden for their parents, and the fear of girls losing their chastity before marriage.<ref></ref>
== Acid throwing ==
[[Acid throwing]], also called an ''acid attack'', a ''vitriol attack'' or ''vitriolage'', is a form of violent assault used against women in India.<ref name="Karmakar">Karmakar, R.N. (2003). Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Academic Publishers. .</ref> Acid throwing is the act of throwing acid or an alternative corrosive substance onto a person's body "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill."<ref name="Breaking">"Breaking the Silence: Addressing Acid Attacks in Cambodia". Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity. May 2010. pp. 1–51. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</ref> Acid attacks are usually directed at a victim's face which burns the skin causing damage and often exposing or dissolving bone.<ref name="Swanson">Swanson, Jordan (2002). "Acid attacks: Bangladesh's efforts to stop the violence.". Harvard Health Policy Review 3 (1). pp. 1–4. Retrieved 2008-06-18</ref> Sulfuric acid and nitric acid are most commonly used for acid attacks. Hydrochloric acid is also used, but is less damaging.<ref name="Welsh">Welsh, Jane (2009). ""It was like a burning hell": A Comparative Exploration of Acid Attack Violence". Center for Global Initiatives. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</ref> Acid attacks can lead to permanent scarring,<ref name="Bandyopadhyay">Bandyopadhyay, Mridula and Mahmuda Rahman Khan, 'Loss of face: violence against women in South Asia' in Lenore Manderson, Linda Rae Bennett (eds) Violence Against Women in Asian Societies (Routledge, 2003), </ref> blindness, as well as social, psychological and economic difficulties.<ref name="Breaking" />
The Indian legislature has regulated the sale of acid.<ref name="Acid">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Compared to women throughout the world, women in India are at a higher risk of being victims of acid attacks.<ref name="Avon">Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School; Committee on International Human Rights of the New York City bar Association, Cornell Law School international Human Rights Clinic,; the Virtue Foundation (2011). "Combating Acid Violence In Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia". Avon Foundation for Women. pp. 1–64. Retrieved 20 March 2014</ref> At least 72% of reported acid attacks in India have involved women.<ref name="Avon" /> India has been experiencing an increasing trend of acid attacks over the past decade.<ref name="Avon" />
In 2010, there was a high of 27 reported cases of chemical assaults.<ref name="Avon" /> Scholars believe that acid attacks in India are being under-reported.<ref name="Avon" /> 34% of acid attacks in India have been determined to be related to rejection of marriage or refusal by a women of sexual advances.<ref name="Avon" /> 20% of acid attacks have been determined to be related to land, property, and/or business disputes.<ref name="Avon" /> Acid attacks related to marriage are often spurred by dowry disagreements.<ref name="Avon" />
== Abduction ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Reported abductions<ref name="bureau" />
|-
|2008
|22,939
|-
|2009
|25,741
|-
|2010
|29,795
|-
|2011
|35,565
|-
|2012
|38,262
|}
Incidents of reported kidnappings and abductions of women increased 7.6% from 2011 to 2012.<ref name="bureau" /> [[Uttar Pradesh]] had 7,910 cases, accounting for 22.2% of the total of cases nationwide.
== See also ==
December 07, 2018 at 01:04PM
