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Xanthine oxidase ihibitors
Pharmstd2018: ←Created page with '== Summery == The increased level of uric acid which is known as hyperuricemia plays an important role in the development of gout which occurs as a result of i...'
== Summery ==
The increased level of uric acid which is known as hyperuricemia plays an important role in the development of gout which occurs as a result of increased uric acid production, impaired renal uric acid execration or both! Uric acid which is derived from purine catabolism is soluble in extracellular body fluids and any change in its concentration can lead to super saturation and precipitation of crystals in synovial fluid therefore leading to attacks of painful arthritis such as Gout.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Such for the need to control the increased level of uric acid is a must; mainly they are controlled using drugs such as allopurinol <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> ,which is a Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor the enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> however its use has been associated with many adverse effects such as gastrointestinal intolerance and skin rash.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> The main challenge is finding XO inhibitor that is both safe and effective for long term clinical use , the look for that in natural sources is needed because they have lower side effects than synthetic chemicals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules they are highly unstable and has been involved in many diseases such as stroke, DM, liver diseases cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important biological generator of oxygen free radicals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Natural plants with XO inhibitor activity ==
=== Hyoscyamus reticulatus ===
Which is a medicinal plant rich in tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and scopolamine widely used for their mydriatic, antispasmodic,anticholinergic, analgesic and sedative properties Other secondary metabolites detected in Hyoscyamus species include: flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, tannins, and coumarins These metabolites have been suggested to have significant anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activities.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
=== Tribulus arabicus ===
Traditionally are known in preventative medicine as an enhancer of testosterone and are taken as a supplement to enhance sexual urges among both men and women. Genus Tribulus can be of great use to people who need help against infections. Moreover, the genus has shown 'significant' protection against the deposition of kidney stone-forming material, in addition to inhibiting elevations in blood urea levels. Phytochemical investigations on genus Tribulus revealed the presence of a variety of chemical constituents that are medicinally important such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, beta-sitosterols or stigma, steroidal saponins, triterpenes and alkaloids.
The aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris significantly reduced the excretion of oxalate, calcium, and phosphate in addition it decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in rats' serum.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
=== Other plants ===
Salvia spinosa L. (Lamiaceae), Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Asteraceae), Anthemis palestina Reut. ex Boiss. (Asteraceae), Achillea biebersteinii Afansiev (Asteraceae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceace), and Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
The increased level of uric acid which is known as hyperuricemia plays an important role in the development of gout which occurs as a result of increased uric acid production, impaired renal uric acid execration or both! Uric acid which is derived from purine catabolism is soluble in extracellular body fluids and any change in its concentration can lead to super saturation and precipitation of crystals in synovial fluid therefore leading to attacks of painful arthritis such as Gout.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Such for the need to control the increased level of uric acid is a must; mainly they are controlled using drugs such as allopurinol <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> ,which is a Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor the enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> however its use has been associated with many adverse effects such as gastrointestinal intolerance and skin rash.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> The main challenge is finding XO inhibitor that is both safe and effective for long term clinical use , the look for that in natural sources is needed because they have lower side effects than synthetic chemicals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules they are highly unstable and has been involved in many diseases such as stroke, DM, liver diseases cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important biological generator of oxygen free radicals.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== Natural plants with XO inhibitor activity ==
=== Hyoscyamus reticulatus ===
Which is a medicinal plant rich in tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and scopolamine widely used for their mydriatic, antispasmodic,anticholinergic, analgesic and sedative properties Other secondary metabolites detected in Hyoscyamus species include: flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, tannins, and coumarins These metabolites have been suggested to have significant anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activities.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
=== Tribulus arabicus ===
Traditionally are known in preventative medicine as an enhancer of testosterone and are taken as a supplement to enhance sexual urges among both men and women. Genus Tribulus can be of great use to people who need help against infections. Moreover, the genus has shown 'significant' protection against the deposition of kidney stone-forming material, in addition to inhibiting elevations in blood urea levels. Phytochemical investigations on genus Tribulus revealed the presence of a variety of chemical constituents that are medicinally important such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, beta-sitosterols or stigma, steroidal saponins, triterpenes and alkaloids.
The aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris significantly reduced the excretion of oxalate, calcium, and phosphate in addition it decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in rats' serum.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
=== Other plants ===
Salvia spinosa L. (Lamiaceae), Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Asteraceae), Anthemis palestina Reut. ex Boiss. (Asteraceae), Achillea biebersteinii Afansiev (Asteraceae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceace), and Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae).<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
December 01, 2018 at 09:43PM
