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Soil in Tanqwa Abergele
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[[File:Chromic Vertisol in Agbe.jpg|thumb|Chromic Vertisol in Agbe (D is location of Colluvic Calcic Luvisol F Lithic Leptosol)]]
The '''soils of the [[Abergele (woreda) |Tanqwa Abergele]] ''woreda''''' (district) in [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] ([[Ethiopia]]) reflect its longstanding agricultural history, highly seasonal rainfall regime, relatively high temperatures, overall dominance of [[Precambrian]] [[metamorphic]] rocks and steep slopes.<ref name="plosone">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>
== Factors contributing to soil diversity ==
=== Climate ===
Annual rainfall depth is very variable with an average of around 600-800 mm.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Most rains fall during the main rainy season, which typically extends from June to September.
Mean temperature in woreda town [[Yechila]] is 25.4 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 14.6 °C and maximum of 35.6 °C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
=== Geology===
[[File:Black meta-limestone outcropping near Taget.jpg|thumb|Black meta-limestone outcropping near Taget]]
From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
* [[Adigrat Sandstone]]
* [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]]
* [[Precambrian]] [[metamorphic]] rocks
* [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] and freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
=== Topography ===
As part of the [[Ethiopian highlands]] the land has undergone a rapid [[tectonic uplift]], leading the occurrence of mountain peaks, plateaus, valleys and gorges.
=== Land use ===
[[File:Meta limestone hills at Sh'ate Hegum.jpg|thumb|Meta limestone hills at Sho'ate Hegum]]
Generally speaking the level lands and intermediate slopes are occupied by cropland, while there is [[rangeland]] and shrubs on the steeper slopes. Remnant forests occur around [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox Christian]] churches and a few inaccessible places. A recent trend is the widespread planting of [[eucalyptus]] trees.
=== Environmental changes ===
Soil degradation in this district became important when humans started deforestation almost 5000 years ago.<ref name=''esr''>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Depending on land use history, locations have been exposed in varying degrees to such land degradation.
== Geomorphic regions and soil units ==
Given the complex geology and topography of the district, it has been organised into [[land systems]] - areas with specific and unique geomorphic and geological characteristics, characterised by a particular soil distribution along the [[catena (soil)|soil catena]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Soil types are classified in line with [[World Reference Base for Soil Resources]] and reference made to main characteristics that can be observed in the field.
==== [[Adigrat Sandstone]] cliff and footslope ====
[[File:Adigrat Sandstone cliff and footslope in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on the Adigrat Sandstone cliff and footslope in and near Abergele]]
[[File:Lithic Leptosol in Agbe Ethiopia profile.jpg|thumb|left|Lithic Leptosol profile]]
[[File:Lithic Leptosol in Agbe Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Lithic Leptosol in Agbe]]
[[File:Haplic Planosol near Abiy Addi.tif|thumb|left|Haplic Planosol along the road to Abiy Addi]]
* Associated soil types
** complex of rock outcrops, very stony and very shallow soils ((Lithic) [[Leptosol]]) (1)
** shallow, stony sandy [[loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusions
** shallow, dry soils with very high amounts of stones (Leptic and Skeletic [[Cambisol]] and [[Regosol]]) (4)
** deep, dark cracking [[clay]]s with good fertility, but problems of [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogging]] (Chromic and Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** soils with stagnating water due to an abrupt textural change such as [[sand]] over [[clay]] (Haplic Planosol]]) (34)
==== Alluvial plain of Giba River in Abergele ====
[[File:Alluvial plain of Giba River in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena in the alluvial plain of Giba River in Abergele]]
* Associated soil types
**deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** brown loamy sands developed on alluvium along Giba River ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
* Inclusion: stony, dark cracking [[clay]]s with good natural fertility (Vertic [[Cambisol]]) (10)
====Gallery: soils in Tanqwa Abergele====
<gallery>
File:Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe Ethiopia profile.jpg||Colluvic Calcic Luvisol profile
File:Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe Ethiopia.jpg|Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe
File:Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol profile
File:Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget
File:Pellic Vertisol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|Pellic Vertisol profile
[[File:Pellic Vertisol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|Pellic Vertisol in Taget
</gallery>
==== Catena on metamorphic limestone in Abergele ====
[[File:Metamorphic limestone catena in Abergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Metamorphic limestone catena in Abergele]]
[[File:Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|thumb|left|Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol profile]]
[[File:Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget]]
* Associated soil types
** moderately deep, stony, dark cracking clays on calcaric material (Calcaric Vertic [[Cambisol]]) (17)
** shallow, stony, dark clay loamy soils (Epileptic Protovertic [[Cambisol]]) (18)
** imperfectly to poorly drained, shallow to very shallow, dark soils developed on calcaric material with a moderate natural fertility (Vertic Endoleptic [[Calcisol]]) (27)
* Inclusions
** shallow, stony, dark, [[loam]]y soils on calcaric material (Rendzic [[Leptosol]]) (3)
** shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
** deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** Brown to dark, silty clay loams to loamy sands developed on [[alluvium]], with good natural fertility ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
==== Catena on metamorphic sedimentary rock in Abergele ====
[[File:Metamorphic sedimentary rock catena in Abergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Metamorphic sedimentary rock catena in Abergele]]
* Associated soil types
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils on limestone (Calcaric [[Leptosol]]) (2)
** Shallow stony dark [[loam]]s on calcaric material (Calcaric [[Regosol]], Calcaric [[Cambisol]]) (22)
* Inclusions
** Brown to dark, silty clay loams to loamy sands developed on [[alluvium]], with good natural fertility ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
==== Severely incised granite near Giba mouth ====
[[File:Severely incised granite near Giba mouth.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on severely incised granite near Giba mouth]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil type: shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
==== Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock====
[[File:Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock.tif|thumb| upright=2|Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock in Abergele]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil type: shallow, stony loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusion: [[clay]]s of floodplains with very high [[watertable]] with moderate to good natural fertility (Eutric [[Gleysol]], Gleyic [[Cambisol]]) (33)
==== Metamorphic volcanic rock in Abergele====
[[File:Metamorphic volcanic rock in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on metamorphic volcanic rock in Abergele]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil types
** shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
** shallow, stony loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusion: sandy clay loams to sands developed on sandy colluvium (Eutric [[Arenosol]], [[Regosol]], Cambisol) (24)
== References ==
[[Category:Soil]]
[[Category:Types of soil]]
[[Category:Pedology|Classification, soil]]
[[Category:Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Tigray Region]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]
[[Category:Geography]]
The '''soils of the [[Abergele (woreda) |Tanqwa Abergele]] ''woreda''''' (district) in [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] ([[Ethiopia]]) reflect its longstanding agricultural history, highly seasonal rainfall regime, relatively high temperatures, overall dominance of [[Precambrian]] [[metamorphic]] rocks and steep slopes.<ref name="plosone">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>
== Factors contributing to soil diversity ==
=== Climate ===
Annual rainfall depth is very variable with an average of around 600-800 mm.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Most rains fall during the main rainy season, which typically extends from June to September.
Mean temperature in woreda town [[Yechila]] is 25.4 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 14.6 °C and maximum of 35.6 °C. The contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
=== Geology===
[[File:Black meta-limestone outcropping near Taget.jpg|thumb|Black meta-limestone outcropping near Taget]]
From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
* [[Adigrat Sandstone]]
* [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]]
* [[Precambrian]] [[metamorphic]] rocks
* [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] and freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
=== Topography ===
As part of the [[Ethiopian highlands]] the land has undergone a rapid [[tectonic uplift]], leading the occurrence of mountain peaks, plateaus, valleys and gorges.
=== Land use ===
[[File:Meta limestone hills at Sh'ate Hegum.jpg|thumb|Meta limestone hills at Sho'ate Hegum]]
Generally speaking the level lands and intermediate slopes are occupied by cropland, while there is [[rangeland]] and shrubs on the steeper slopes. Remnant forests occur around [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Orthodox Christian]] churches and a few inaccessible places. A recent trend is the widespread planting of [[eucalyptus]] trees.
=== Environmental changes ===
Soil degradation in this district became important when humans started deforestation almost 5000 years ago.<ref name=''esr''>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Depending on land use history, locations have been exposed in varying degrees to such land degradation.
== Geomorphic regions and soil units ==
Given the complex geology and topography of the district, it has been organised into [[land systems]] - areas with specific and unique geomorphic and geological characteristics, characterised by a particular soil distribution along the [[catena (soil)|soil catena]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Soil types are classified in line with [[World Reference Base for Soil Resources]] and reference made to main characteristics that can be observed in the field.
==== [[Adigrat Sandstone]] cliff and footslope ====
[[File:Adigrat Sandstone cliff and footslope in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on the Adigrat Sandstone cliff and footslope in and near Abergele]]
[[File:Lithic Leptosol in Agbe Ethiopia profile.jpg|thumb|left|Lithic Leptosol profile]]
[[File:Lithic Leptosol in Agbe Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Lithic Leptosol in Agbe]]
[[File:Haplic Planosol near Abiy Addi.tif|thumb|left|Haplic Planosol along the road to Abiy Addi]]
* Associated soil types
** complex of rock outcrops, very stony and very shallow soils ((Lithic) [[Leptosol]]) (1)
** shallow, stony sandy [[loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusions
** shallow, dry soils with very high amounts of stones (Leptic and Skeletic [[Cambisol]] and [[Regosol]]) (4)
** deep, dark cracking [[clay]]s with good fertility, but problems of [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogging]] (Chromic and Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** soils with stagnating water due to an abrupt textural change such as [[sand]] over [[clay]] (Haplic Planosol]]) (34)
==== Alluvial plain of Giba River in Abergele ====
[[File:Alluvial plain of Giba River in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena in the alluvial plain of Giba River in Abergele]]
* Associated soil types
**deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** brown loamy sands developed on alluvium along Giba River ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
* Inclusion: stony, dark cracking [[clay]]s with good natural fertility (Vertic [[Cambisol]]) (10)
====Gallery: soils in Tanqwa Abergele====
<gallery>
File:Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe Ethiopia profile.jpg||Colluvic Calcic Luvisol profile
File:Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe Ethiopia.jpg|Colluvic Calcic Luvisol in Agbe
File:Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol profile
File:Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|Calcaric Rendzic Leptosol in Taget
File:Pellic Vertisol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|Pellic Vertisol profile
[[File:Pellic Vertisol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|Pellic Vertisol in Taget
</gallery>
==== Catena on metamorphic limestone in Abergele ====
[[File:Metamorphic limestone catena in Abergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Metamorphic limestone catena in Abergele]]
[[File:Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget Ethiopia profile.jpg|thumb|left|Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol profile]]
[[File:Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Epileptic Protovertic Cambisol in Taget]]
* Associated soil types
** moderately deep, stony, dark cracking clays on calcaric material (Calcaric Vertic [[Cambisol]]) (17)
** shallow, stony, dark clay loamy soils (Epileptic Protovertic [[Cambisol]]) (18)
** imperfectly to poorly drained, shallow to very shallow, dark soils developed on calcaric material with a moderate natural fertility (Vertic Endoleptic [[Calcisol]]) (27)
* Inclusions
** shallow, stony, dark, [[loam]]y soils on calcaric material (Rendzic [[Leptosol]]) (3)
** shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
** deep dark cracking [[clay]]s with very good natural fertility, [[waterlogging (agriculture) |waterlogged]] during the wet season (Chromic [[Vertisol]], Pellic [[Vertisol]]) (12)
** Brown to dark, silty clay loams to loamy sands developed on [[alluvium]], with good natural fertility ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
==== Catena on metamorphic sedimentary rock in Abergele ====
[[File:Metamorphic sedimentary rock catena in Abergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Metamorphic sedimentary rock catena in Abergele]]
* Associated soil types
** Rock outcrops and very shallow soils on limestone (Calcaric [[Leptosol]]) (2)
** Shallow stony dark [[loam]]s on calcaric material (Calcaric [[Regosol]], Calcaric [[Cambisol]]) (22)
* Inclusions
** Brown to dark, silty clay loams to loamy sands developed on [[alluvium]], with good natural fertility ([[Fluvisol]]) (30)
==== Severely incised granite near Giba mouth ====
[[File:Severely incised granite near Giba mouth.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on severely incised granite near Giba mouth]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil type: shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
==== Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock====
[[File:Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock.tif|thumb| upright=2|Severely incised metamorphic sedimentary rock in Abergele]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil type: shallow, stony loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusion: [[clay]]s of floodplains with very high [[watertable]] with moderate to good natural fertility (Eutric [[Gleysol]], Gleyic [[Cambisol]]) (33)
==== Metamorphic volcanic rock in Abergele====
[[File:Metamorphic volcanic rock in Avergele.tif|thumb| upright=2|Typical catena on metamorphic volcanic rock in Abergele]]
* Dominant soil type: rock outcrops and very shallow soils (Lithic [[Leptosol]]) (1)
* Associated soil types
** shallow, very stony, silt loamy to loamy soils (Skeletic [[Cambisol]], Leptic [[Cambisol]], Skeletic [[Regosol]]) (4)
** shallow, stony loam soils (Eutric [[Regosol]] and [[Cambisol]]) (21)
* Inclusion: sandy clay loams to sands developed on sandy colluvium (Eutric [[Arenosol]], [[Regosol]], Cambisol) (24)
== References ==
[[Category:Soil]]
[[Category:Types of soil]]
[[Category:Pedology|Classification, soil]]
[[Category:Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Tigray Region]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]
[[Category:Geography]]
November 02, 2019 at 03:45PM
