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The circus of the sun
Bergetim: Copied in everything I'd worked out in my sandbox
"'''The''' '''Circus of the Sun'''" is a poem by American poet [[Robert Lax]] (1915-2000). First published in 1959 by Journeyman Press<ref></ref><ref name=":02">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> it consists of a cycle of 31 short poems that tell the story of a traveling circus. The poem is included in the collections: ''33 Poems'' (1987), ''Love Had a Compass'' (1997) and ''Circus Days and Nights'' (2000).
The poem follows a day in the life of a circus as they arrive in a new town, set up, rehearse, perform and take down the circus. It is arranged according to the phases of the day (morning, afternoon, evening, the midway, and night) which deliberately align with the [[canonical hours]]<ref></ref> and the title alludes to the song written by [[Francis of Assisi]], "[[Canticle of the Sun]]."<ref name=":32"></ref> Lax used his own experience traveling with the Cristiani Brothers Circus, where he would sometimes perform as a clown<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> as inspiration for the poem. In writing about the circus Lax is able to write about theological ideas of creation<ref></ref> and Christian allegory.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Widely considered his best poem it marks the conclusion of the early, lyrical phase<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> of Lax's career before he started writing experimental, minimalist poetry.
== Background and Origin ==
Lax first met the Cristiani family when his friend Leonard Robinson was sent to write a piece about the family of acrobats for the "Talk of the Town" section of the ''[[The New Yorker]].''<ref></ref> The Cristiani family left a lasting impression on Lax. Several years after meeting them he suggested to ''The New Yorker'' that he travel with the Cristiani family and write a "Reporter at Large" story for the magazine. In 1948 Lax was given a $500 dollar advance for the project and spent the next month traveling with the Cristiani family and their circus.<ref></ref> Over the next three years he would work on what wold become "The Circus of the Sun."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
In the summer of 1949 after having left the circus, Lax, along with his childhood friend [[Ad Reinhardt]] went to live with artist Robert Gibney and writer/editor [[Nancy Flagg Gibney]] in [[Henley Cay]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> There Lax worked on writing his account of traveling with the circus. After Henley Cay, Lax returned to his hometown of [[Olean, New York|Olean, NY]] and set up in the basement of the library at [[St. Bonaventure University|St Bonaventure University]] and worked on the poem everyday.<ref></ref><ref>Spaeth, Paul. 2000. "Introduction." ''Circus Days and Nights.'' New York: The Overlook Press, p. 13</ref> In 1950 an excerpt of "The Circus of the Sun" was published in ''New Story'' and presented as part of a forthcoming novel.<ref name=":02" /> When published 7 years later by Journeyman Press, the excerpt published in ''New Story'' was included, now as a poem known as "The sunset city..." Another excerpt, this time containing nearly a third of the completed poem and titled "The Circus", was published in ''New World Writing #13'' in 1958.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
After completing the poem Lax struggled to find a publisher. Eventually, Emil Antonucci, an artist who had made illustrations "The Circus of the Sun" offered to use the money he received from a Guggenheim grant to found Journeyman Press and publish the poem. This began a life long collaboration between Lax and Antonucci began.<ref> Commonweal Magazine|website=www.commonwealmagazine.org|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref name=":12"></ref>
== Themes and Tone ==
The poem relies on several Biblical allusions to develop what Michael McGregor called an "analogy between circus and Creation."<ref></ref> Paul Spaeth identifies the opening of "The Circus of the Sun" as a "reworking of the Genesis account of creation."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> While James Uebbing sees the same lines as an improvisation "on the prologue of [[Gospel of John|St. John's Gospel]]" before calling the overall tone of the poem reticent and distinctive.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Strengthening the connection between the Bible and the circus, [[Thomas Merton]] wrote that the circus was, "symbol and sacrament, cosmos and church."<ref name=":42"></ref>
In her assessment of "The Circus of the Sun" in the ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Literature'' Jeannine Mizingou writes that Lax uses the circus as a "microcosm of the universe" that "manifests variety and difference and yet a constant unity and community." McGregor supports this view of the poem when he writes, "the Cristianis remained his vision of how to live in the world as individuals and as a community."<ref></ref> The theme of individuals and community is reinforced through the structure of the poem itself, where the poems are individual, various, and different while also unified as a whole. As [[Denise Levertov]] wrote in her 1961 review in ''[[The Nation]]'' the poem is, "not a collection of entirely separate poems but a unified book of variations on a theme."<ref name=":32" /> Another central theme identified by Mizingou is grace, writing that in the poem the circus is a place where, "grace enables human beings to relate to others without dominance and without violence."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Mizingou's reading builds off of the way Thomas Merton saw the poem demonstrating, "the importance of human love."<ref name=":42" />
== Critical Reception ==
Shortly after "The Circus of the Sun" was published, [[E. E. Cummings|ee cummings]], having also written poems about the circus, invited Lax over to his house to drink tea and talk about the circus.<ref name=":12" /> Despite cummings kind invitation and many other poets stated admiration of the poem, "The Circus of the Sun" was not widely reviewed. A fact lamented by Thomas McDonnell in ''[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]].'' In the same article McDonnell calls the poem a "praise of creation" and compares it to [[Gabriel Marcel]]'s "concept of ''man's nuptial bond with being."''<ref name=":22">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Although not heavily review, when it was reviewed it generally received high praise. Denise Levertov writing for ''The Nation'' called the poem "dreamlike and vivid" before drawing favorable comparisons to [[Gerard Manley Hopkins|Gerard Manly Hopkins]].<ref name=":32" /> In a review for ''Stars and Stripes'' William Claire said the poem evoked "the wonder and beauty of motion and people and ideas and faith..."<ref>Claire, William. "Letter to Robert Lax." 4 April, 1960. Robert Lax Papers, Columbia University.</ref> Thomas Merton told Lax in a letter that it was, "one very fine book"<ref></ref> while poet and critic, R.C. Kenedy wrote of the "The sunset city..." section, "[it] must be one of the greatest poems in the English language" and called it's rhythm "the most blood-curdling... yet devised by poet."<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> In his introduction to the collection ''Circus Days and Nights'' Paul Spaeth quotes another appreciation penned by Kenedy referring to "The Circus of the Sun" as one of "the finest volume of poems published by an English-speaking poet of the generation which comes in the wake of T.S. Eliot."<ref>Spaeth, Paul. 2000. "Introduction." ''Circus Days and Nights.'' New York: The Overlook Press, p. 21.</ref> [[William Packard (author)|William Packard]], writer and editor of [[New York Quarterly]] described the effect of the poem, "the same as... the first chapter of Genesis: there is movement and truth because there is order and purpose."<ref>Packard, William. (1999). "The Circus of the Sun by Robert Lax." ''The ABCs of Robert Lax''. Exeter: Stride Conversations, p. 178.</ref>
== References ==
November 03, 2019 at 07:22AM
