【Move to another page】
Quote
http://ift.tt/2nSkEE3
General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat
Scope creep: /* TICOM Notes */ ticom doc
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
'''General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat''' was the training organization within the [[General der Nachrichtenaufklärung]] before and during [[World War II]]. Until 1942, the work of the Training Referat was not fully exploited and only a small beginners course was in progress.<ref name="seveneight7">I-78, p. 7</ref>
===Training operations===
Suffering from an acute shortage of cryptanalyst personnel which the German Defense Ministry encountered, it was found that the practice of pushing forward groups of cryptanalysts to key areas did not of itself provide adequate signals intelligence, particularly as the [[front line]]s were getting further away from [[Berlin]].<ref name="seveneight7"/>
As a result, Commanders of forward intercept units were allowed to create their own cryptanalysts teams. Two difficulties were encountered in this connection; firstly, a lack of technical knowledge, and secondly the entry into the cryptographic service of personal who were untrustworthy from the security point of view. In two cases in [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Kona 2|KONA 2]] in [[Smolensk]] personnel were unearthed who were guilty of espionage.<ref name="seveneight7"/> As a result of this a security vetting for all security, translators and cryptanalysis personnel was introduced.<ref name="seveneight8">I-78, p. 8</ref>
Once the forward cryptanalysis units had been set up, and eventually became the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Long Range Intelligence Company|Long Range Intelligence Company]] (NAZ), they were attached to various [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Close Range Intelligence Company|Close Range Intelligence Company]] (NAK) which coordinated intelligence and forwarded the raw flow of intercepts into the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre|Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre]] (NAAS). It was agreed to allot the NAZ units investigation of forward lines of communication traffic which could be solved in the field. In 7/VI remained, however, responsible for all army cryptanalysis work and concentrated on the most difficult and unsolved procedures.<ref name="seveneight8"/>
As a personnel establishment for these forward cryptanalysis units, it was found necessary to have two or three linguists and one to three mathematicians. Such personnel were trained at a six weeks' course by In 7/VI. 200 cryptanalysts were trained successfully and included such individuals as Major Dr Hentze, Lieutenant () Lüders and Lieutenant Schubert.<ref name="seveneight8"/> The results of this work in 1941 and 1942 was to enable In 7/VI to concentrate on research into more difficult procedures.<ref name="seveneight8"/>
===Training classification===
====Training of signal recruits====
The Signal Intelligence Replacement and Training Battalion () (abbr. NAEUAA) that was located in [[Frankfurt]], was responsible for the training of German Army Signal recruits. It had control over Signal Intelligence Replacement and Training Companies in each Service Command District () where basic training and some training in signal matters were given to the recruits.<ref>IF-250,Page 2</ref> In time of peace, basic training lasted one year, signal training being taken up after the first three months. During the war, the time of basic training was shortened in order to place more troops more quickly in the field. Recruits were trained in direction-finding, teletype operation, and simple field codes, and they were sent out into field units.<ref name="two503">IF-250, p. 3</ref> No special courses were conducted in the Replacement and Training Companies.
====Training of signal technicians====
Most of the signal technicians were trained in specialist academies of various sorts. Academies for [[carrier frequency]], switchboard operators, repair men, etc., were established by the Army and Division and Corps Signal Battalions and at Army Signal Depots.<ref name="two503"/> Instructors were mainly non-commissioned officers who had experience in the field.
====Training of specialists====
The Signal Interpreter Replacement and Training Battalion () (abbr. NDEUAA) was located in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]<ref>IF-105, p. 5</ref> This battalion was responsible for the training of signals interpreters who were to be employed in signal intercept units for radio and wireless monitoring. The battalion was divided into three companies: company one was for [[Romance languages]], company two for [[Slavic languages]], and company three for [[Germanic languages]]. For matters of administration, the battalion was divided into the following 5 platoons:<ref>IF-105, p. 3</ref>
# Cadre platoon () comprising cadre personnel and instructors in military and intelligence technical matters.
# Instructor platoon () comprising teachers and members of the instructor group.
# Training platoon ()comprising the students who were under instructions in some language.
# Alert platoon () comprising men who have passed their final examination and who are expecting to be sent into action.
# Pool () comprising newcomers waiting for their entrance examination.
A rough estimate of the personnel shows that in 1944, there were about 350 to 400 men attending the various languages classes. After the courses which lasted 6 weeks, the men were given a final examination. According to the results of this examination, they were assigned to one of the three following categories:<ref>I-96</ref>
::{| class="wikitable"
! Personnel categories
! Comment
|-
| S – Speakers ()
| These were people who spoke well and were able to make themselves understood, but who did not master the language in speaking and writing correctly.
|-
| U – Translators ()
| These were people who mastered the foreign language in writing, but were only fair in speaking.
|-
| D – Interpreters ()
| These were people who spoke and wrote the foreign language correctly and fluently and whose general education was up to a corresponding standard.
|}
Employment was assigned according to the category to which each person was assigned.
For persons of category ''S'', a special course in monitoring Allied radio communication was organised at [[Leipzig]] for English speaking personnel only. The course consisted of three weeks daily instruction in the following subjects:<ref>IF-131, p. 4</ref>
# USA and British organisation of signal units.
# USA and British radio sets used at all levels.
# USA and British radio call signs.
# USA and British authorized abbreviations.
# USA and British message forms.
# USA and British fixed station and net operational methods.
# USA and British Army terminology.
Each of the subjects was taught for one hour a day and had a brief examination. In most cases, the lectures were conducted in English to facilitate practice in this language.
====Training of signals officers====
The Army Signal Academy located in [[Halle (Saale)|alle]] () (abbr. HNS), conducted the course for officer candidates of the Signal Corps.<ref>IF-205, p. 5</ref> Emphasis here was in the first months evenly divided between technical and military subjects. The officer candidates were selected by their commanders in the field after having proved themselves in combat or in outstanding work in their specialty. All enlisted men were eligible, although the racial origin evidently played some part in the selection. One prisoner, for instance, states that he was not allowed to become an officer candidate, because of his Jewish grandmother.<ref>IF-127, p. 1</ref>
After their selection, the men were given a four weeks course in tactics, Army regulations, customs, technical subjects. Those who passed this preliminary course were sent to the Armed Forces Signal Troop Academy () (abbr. FNS) where they were trained for three months in Signal Corps work.<ref>IF-250, p. 6</ref> From there they were sent into the field for a probation period as leaders of platoons. During this period of training, Colonel Grube states, many of the candidates lost their lives. A final three months at the Signal Academy in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] brought, with graduation, the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant).
====Training of German Army cryptanalysts====
Nothing is known of the training of Army cryptanalysts before 1939. Mettig states that when the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)|KONA]] regiment moved into the field in 1939, no cryptanalysts were available.<ref>IF-78 p. 4</ref> Colonel [[Kunibert Randewig]], the commander at that time of all intercept stations in the west, however, was able to procure a number of cryptanalysts from the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Stationary Intercept Company .28FESTE.29|Feste]] around Berlin, and to this force he added a few mathematicians and linguists.<ref name="seveneight4">I-78, p. 4</ref> As a result, when the German offensive began in April 1940, the KONA units had a moderate supply of cryptographic personnel. The early war years clearly showed that additional personnel were needed. A Training Section in In 7/Vi was established under the leadership of Kuehn, but Mettig stated that the work in the unit was not fully exploited until 1942.<ref name="seveneight7"/> The Training Section was located at Matthäikirchplatz 4 in Berlin until November 1943, when it was moved with the rest of the Agency to [[Jüterbog]] because of the Allied bombings. In November 1944, the Training Section 7 of In 7/VI became Referat 5 of Group IV of the GDNA.<ref name="IF-123, p. 9">IF-123, p. 9</ref> The training academy consisted of about 20 officers with 120 men, and about 12 women as [[Shorthand|Stenographers]].<ref>IF-127, p. 2</ref>
The course, which lasted 10–12 weeks<ref>IF-123, p. 9</ref> ran during the morning and for two to three afternoons per week. A brief history of cryptography was studied from a syllabus, and included a general picture of the methods of encipherment, details of various means of encipherment and decipherment. During the remaining afternoons, the students evidently specialized in whatever field to which they were to be assigned. One prisoner of war, [[Gerd Coeler]], stated that during the afternoons, he studied English military terms and abbreviations, including the history and organisation of the [[British Empire]] and the geography of [[England]].<ref>IF-122, p. 2</ref> Corporal Karrenberg<ref>I-166</ref> outlines the course given for those who were specializing in Russian cryptanalysis. Participants were selected from the personnel of the Signal Interpreter Replacement and Training Battalion, which knew Russian. After the most capable interpreters had been selected they were given a course in Russian cryptography, which included all types of Russian systems. For practice in this course actual Soviet (Russian) military intercepts were used, to gradually accustom the men to Russian field problems.
====Evaluation of signal training====
The training of cryptanalysts by the Army appears to have been eminently successful. The classes the men used at the Training Section of In 7/VI passed most of the men who would later become outstanding in the field of [[cryptanalysis]] either in the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)|KONAs]] or in the central agencies. The following soldiers were trained at the unit:<ref>I-78, p. 8</ref>
* Major Dr. [[Rudolf Hentze]], who was head of cryptanalysis at [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Kona 5|KONA 5]] in [[Paris]] and later Head of Gruppe IV of the GDNA.
* Dr () [[Wilhelm Vauck]] was head of the Agents section of In 7/VI from 1942 to 1945.
* First Leutnant () David Lüders head of one of the subsections of the mathematical section of In 7/Vl.
* First Leutnant () Schubert, head of cryptanalysis at HLS Ost.
The training of signal troops in the field, appears to be less successful. Throughout the TICOM documentation, attention is drawn to the acute shortages in the Field Army of personnel who were well trained in signal intelligence operations. This was particularly true in the late years of the war when courses became more disorganised and less effective. The central agencies recognized this weakness and attempted to remedy it by publishing field manuals on security and having lectures given at the Army Signals School in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] () by members of In 7/VI. Despite these efforts, however, the Field Army remained, according to [[Walter Fricke]], pitifully ignorant of the principles of security. Ignorance undoubtedly lay at the bottom of the non-cooperative attitude of the Field Army in regard to the adoption of systems considered more secure than those in use by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army]]. Conditions were aggravated at the end of the war by the necessity for sending all able-bodied men into the front line and by the general confusion of the Army. Very little training could be carried on by the Field Army during the late months of the war since their schools were taken over by the operational agencies they used to train. For example, the Army Signal School at Halle had been used by the In 7/IV since November 1943 for the preparation of Army keys, and after March 1945 it housed a considerable section of the [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht|OKW/Chi]], including service personnel and civilians. It may be safely stated that, after 1944, little if any signal training was carried out by the Army.
==TICOM Notes==
The [[TICOM|Target Intelligence Committee]] was a project formed in [[World War II]] by the United States to find and seize German [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] assets, particularly [[signals intelligence]] and [[cryptographic]] ones. The following documents are referenced in this article.
*
==References==
[[Category:Military history of Germany during World War II]]
[[Category:Cryptography organizations]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence of World War II]]
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
'''General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat''' was the training organization within the [[General der Nachrichtenaufklärung]] before and during [[World War II]]. Until 1942, the work of the Training Referat was not fully exploited and only a small beginners course was in progress.<ref name="seveneight7">I-78, p. 7</ref>
===Training operations===
Suffering from an acute shortage of cryptanalyst personnel which the German Defense Ministry encountered, it was found that the practice of pushing forward groups of cryptanalysts to key areas did not of itself provide adequate signals intelligence, particularly as the [[front line]]s were getting further away from [[Berlin]].<ref name="seveneight7"/>
As a result, Commanders of forward intercept units were allowed to create their own cryptanalysts teams. Two difficulties were encountered in this connection; firstly, a lack of technical knowledge, and secondly the entry into the cryptographic service of personal who were untrustworthy from the security point of view. In two cases in [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Kona 2|KONA 2]] in [[Smolensk]] personnel were unearthed who were guilty of espionage.<ref name="seveneight7"/> As a result of this a security vetting for all security, translators and cryptanalysis personnel was introduced.<ref name="seveneight8">I-78, p. 8</ref>
Once the forward cryptanalysis units had been set up, and eventually became the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Long Range Intelligence Company|Long Range Intelligence Company]] (NAZ), they were attached to various [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Close Range Intelligence Company|Close Range Intelligence Company]] (NAK) which coordinated intelligence and forwarded the raw flow of intercepts into the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre|Signal Intelligence Evaluation Centre]] (NAAS). It was agreed to allot the NAZ units investigation of forward lines of communication traffic which could be solved in the field. In 7/VI remained, however, responsible for all army cryptanalysis work and concentrated on the most difficult and unsolved procedures.<ref name="seveneight8"/>
As a personnel establishment for these forward cryptanalysis units, it was found necessary to have two or three linguists and one to three mathematicians. Such personnel were trained at a six weeks' course by In 7/VI. 200 cryptanalysts were trained successfully and included such individuals as Major Dr Hentze, Lieutenant () Lüders and Lieutenant Schubert.<ref name="seveneight8"/> The results of this work in 1941 and 1942 was to enable In 7/VI to concentrate on research into more difficult procedures.<ref name="seveneight8"/>
===Training classification===
====Training of signal recruits====
The Signal Intelligence Replacement and Training Battalion () (abbr. NAEUAA) that was located in [[Frankfurt]], was responsible for the training of German Army Signal recruits. It had control over Signal Intelligence Replacement and Training Companies in each Service Command District () where basic training and some training in signal matters were given to the recruits.<ref>IF-250,Page 2</ref> In time of peace, basic training lasted one year, signal training being taken up after the first three months. During the war, the time of basic training was shortened in order to place more troops more quickly in the field. Recruits were trained in direction-finding, teletype operation, and simple field codes, and they were sent out into field units.<ref name="two503">IF-250, p. 3</ref> No special courses were conducted in the Replacement and Training Companies.
====Training of signal technicians====
Most of the signal technicians were trained in specialist academies of various sorts. Academies for [[carrier frequency]], switchboard operators, repair men, etc., were established by the Army and Division and Corps Signal Battalions and at Army Signal Depots.<ref name="two503"/> Instructors were mainly non-commissioned officers who had experience in the field.
====Training of specialists====
The Signal Interpreter Replacement and Training Battalion () (abbr. NDEUAA) was located in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]<ref>IF-105, p. 5</ref> This battalion was responsible for the training of signals interpreters who were to be employed in signal intercept units for radio and wireless monitoring. The battalion was divided into three companies: company one was for [[Romance languages]], company two for [[Slavic languages]], and company three for [[Germanic languages]]. For matters of administration, the battalion was divided into the following 5 platoons:<ref>IF-105, p. 3</ref>
# Cadre platoon () comprising cadre personnel and instructors in military and intelligence technical matters.
# Instructor platoon () comprising teachers and members of the instructor group.
# Training platoon ()comprising the students who were under instructions in some language.
# Alert platoon () comprising men who have passed their final examination and who are expecting to be sent into action.
# Pool () comprising newcomers waiting for their entrance examination.
A rough estimate of the personnel shows that in 1944, there were about 350 to 400 men attending the various languages classes. After the courses which lasted 6 weeks, the men were given a final examination. According to the results of this examination, they were assigned to one of the three following categories:<ref>I-96</ref>
::{| class="wikitable"
! Personnel categories
! Comment
|-
| S – Speakers ()
| These were people who spoke well and were able to make themselves understood, but who did not master the language in speaking and writing correctly.
|-
| U – Translators ()
| These were people who mastered the foreign language in writing, but were only fair in speaking.
|-
| D – Interpreters ()
| These were people who spoke and wrote the foreign language correctly and fluently and whose general education was up to a corresponding standard.
|}
Employment was assigned according to the category to which each person was assigned.
For persons of category ''S'', a special course in monitoring Allied radio communication was organised at [[Leipzig]] for English speaking personnel only. The course consisted of three weeks daily instruction in the following subjects:<ref>IF-131, p. 4</ref>
# USA and British organisation of signal units.
# USA and British radio sets used at all levels.
# USA and British radio call signs.
# USA and British authorized abbreviations.
# USA and British message forms.
# USA and British fixed station and net operational methods.
# USA and British Army terminology.
Each of the subjects was taught for one hour a day and had a brief examination. In most cases, the lectures were conducted in English to facilitate practice in this language.
====Training of signals officers====
The Army Signal Academy located in [[Halle (Saale)|alle]] () (abbr. HNS), conducted the course for officer candidates of the Signal Corps.<ref>IF-205, p. 5</ref> Emphasis here was in the first months evenly divided between technical and military subjects. The officer candidates were selected by their commanders in the field after having proved themselves in combat or in outstanding work in their specialty. All enlisted men were eligible, although the racial origin evidently played some part in the selection. One prisoner, for instance, states that he was not allowed to become an officer candidate, because of his Jewish grandmother.<ref>IF-127, p. 1</ref>
After their selection, the men were given a four weeks course in tactics, Army regulations, customs, technical subjects. Those who passed this preliminary course were sent to the Armed Forces Signal Troop Academy () (abbr. FNS) where they were trained for three months in Signal Corps work.<ref>IF-250, p. 6</ref> From there they were sent into the field for a probation period as leaders of platoons. During this period of training, Colonel Grube states, many of the candidates lost their lives. A final three months at the Signal Academy in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] brought, with graduation, the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant).
====Training of German Army cryptanalysts====
Nothing is known of the training of Army cryptanalysts before 1939. Mettig states that when the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)|KONA]] regiment moved into the field in 1939, no cryptanalysts were available.<ref>IF-78 p. 4</ref> Colonel [[Kunibert Randewig]], the commander at that time of all intercept stations in the west, however, was able to procure a number of cryptanalysts from the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Stationary Intercept Company .28FESTE.29|Feste]] around Berlin, and to this force he added a few mathematicians and linguists.<ref name="seveneight4">I-78, p. 4</ref> As a result, when the German offensive began in April 1940, the KONA units had a moderate supply of cryptographic personnel. The early war years clearly showed that additional personnel were needed. A Training Section in In 7/Vi was established under the leadership of Kuehn, but Mettig stated that the work in the unit was not fully exploited until 1942.<ref name="seveneight7"/> The Training Section was located at Matthäikirchplatz 4 in Berlin until November 1943, when it was moved with the rest of the Agency to [[Jüterbog]] because of the Allied bombings. In November 1944, the Training Section 7 of In 7/VI became Referat 5 of Group IV of the GDNA.<ref name="IF-123, p. 9">IF-123, p. 9</ref> The training academy consisted of about 20 officers with 120 men, and about 12 women as [[Shorthand|Stenographers]].<ref>IF-127, p. 2</ref>
The course, which lasted 10–12 weeks<ref>IF-123, p. 9</ref> ran during the morning and for two to three afternoons per week. A brief history of cryptography was studied from a syllabus, and included a general picture of the methods of encipherment, details of various means of encipherment and decipherment. During the remaining afternoons, the students evidently specialized in whatever field to which they were to be assigned. One prisoner of war, [[Gerd Coeler]], stated that during the afternoons, he studied English military terms and abbreviations, including the history and organisation of the [[British Empire]] and the geography of [[England]].<ref>IF-122, p. 2</ref> Corporal Karrenberg<ref>I-166</ref> outlines the course given for those who were specializing in Russian cryptanalysis. Participants were selected from the personnel of the Signal Interpreter Replacement and Training Battalion, which knew Russian. After the most capable interpreters had been selected they were given a course in Russian cryptography, which included all types of Russian systems. For practice in this course actual Soviet (Russian) military intercepts were used, to gradually accustom the men to Russian field problems.
====Evaluation of signal training====
The training of cryptanalysts by the Army appears to have been eminently successful. The classes the men used at the Training Section of In 7/VI passed most of the men who would later become outstanding in the field of [[cryptanalysis]] either in the [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)|KONAs]] or in the central agencies. The following soldiers were trained at the unit:<ref>I-78, p. 8</ref>
* Major Dr. [[Rudolf Hentze]], who was head of cryptanalysis at [[Signal Intelligence Regiment (KONA)#Kona 5|KONA 5]] in [[Paris]] and later Head of Gruppe IV of the GDNA.
* Dr () [[Wilhelm Vauck]] was head of the Agents section of In 7/VI from 1942 to 1945.
* First Leutnant () David Lüders head of one of the subsections of the mathematical section of In 7/Vl.
* First Leutnant () Schubert, head of cryptanalysis at HLS Ost.
The training of signal troops in the field, appears to be less successful. Throughout the TICOM documentation, attention is drawn to the acute shortages in the Field Army of personnel who were well trained in signal intelligence operations. This was particularly true in the late years of the war when courses became more disorganised and less effective. The central agencies recognized this weakness and attempted to remedy it by publishing field manuals on security and having lectures given at the Army Signals School in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]] () by members of In 7/VI. Despite these efforts, however, the Field Army remained, according to [[Walter Fricke]], pitifully ignorant of the principles of security. Ignorance undoubtedly lay at the bottom of the non-cooperative attitude of the Field Army in regard to the adoption of systems considered more secure than those in use by the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army]]. Conditions were aggravated at the end of the war by the necessity for sending all able-bodied men into the front line and by the general confusion of the Army. Very little training could be carried on by the Field Army during the late months of the war since their schools were taken over by the operational agencies they used to train. For example, the Army Signal School at Halle had been used by the In 7/IV since November 1943 for the preparation of Army keys, and after March 1945 it housed a considerable section of the [[Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht|OKW/Chi]], including service personnel and civilians. It may be safely stated that, after 1944, little if any signal training was carried out by the Army.
==TICOM Notes==
The [[TICOM|Target Intelligence Committee]] was a project formed in [[World War II]] by the United States to find and seize German [[Military intelligence|intelligence]] assets, particularly [[signals intelligence]] and [[cryptographic]] ones. The following documents are referenced in this article.
*
==References==
[[Category:Military history of Germany during World War II]]
[[Category:Cryptography organizations]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Signals intelligence of World War II]]
February 08, 2018 at 09:25AM
